Week 2 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What is social psychology
A
Study if how living among others influences thought, feeling and behaviour
2
Q
What are social psychologists interested in
A
They are interested in all aspects of personality and social interaction exploring the influence of interpersonal and group relationships on human behaviour
3
Q
Why will we change our behaviour
A
People will change their behaviour to align with the social situation at hand, if we are in a new situation or are unsure of how to behave will will take our cues from other individuals
4
Q
What are Intrapersonal topics
A
Those that pertain to the individual include emotion and attitudes the self and cognition ( way we think about ourselves and others)
5
Q
What are Interpersonal topics
A
Those that pertain to groups including helping behaviour, agression, prejudice and discrimination, attraction and close relationships
6
Q
Behaviour is a product of both __________________________
A
Behaviour is a product of both the situation ( cultural influences, social roles and the presence of bystanders) and of the person ( personality characteristics)
7
Q
What is Situationism
A
Is the view that our behind actions are determined by our inmmdiate environment and surroundings
8
Q
What is dispositionism?
A
Dispositionism holds that our behaviour is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958).
9
Q
What are internal factors?
A
Internal factors are attributes of a person, including personality traits and temperament.
10
Q
Which perspective do social psychologists tend to take?
A
Social psychologists have tended to take the situationist perspective.
11
Q
Which perspective do personality psychologists promote?
A
Personality psychologists have promoted the dispositionist perspective.
12
Q
What do modern approaches to social psychology consider?
A
Modern approaches take both the situation and the individual into account when studying human behaviour (Fiske, Gilbert, & Lindzey, 2010).
13
Q
What field has emerged to study the interaction of internal and situational factors?
A
The field of social-personality psychology has emerged to study the complex interaction of internal and situational factors that affect human behaviour (Mischel, 1977; Richard, Bond, & Stokes-Zoota, 2003).
14
Q
What is the fundamental attribution error?
A
The tendency to overemphasize internal factors as explanations for the behavior of others while underestimating situational influences.
15
Q
What cultural tendency is observed in the United States regarding human behavior?
A
A dispositional approach is favored, suggesting that people are seen as in control of their own behaviors.
16
Q
How do people typically explain the behavior of others according to the fundamental attribution error?
A
They often assume that the behavior is a trait of the person rather than influenced by situational variables.
17
Q
Provide an example scenario illustrating the fundamental attribution error.
A
Jamie yells ‘Leave me alone!’ at their spouse after a long day. An observer might conclude Jamie is mean, ignoring possible situational factors.
This ignores the fact that Jamie was just laid off from work.
18
Q
What might change in the explanation of Jamie’s behavior if situational factors are considered?
A
One might explain that Jamie was frustrated and disappointed about being laid off, leading to their angry response.
19
Q
What is social psychology?
A
Social psychology is the study of how individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.
20
Q
What is the fundamental attribution error?
A
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize internal characteristics of a person while downplaying situational influences on their behavior.
21
Q
Is the fundamental attribution error always powerful?
A
Some researchers suggest that the fundamental attribution error may not be as powerful as often portrayed, with various factors influencing its impact.
22
Q
What is the fundamental attribution error?
A
The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in explaining others’ behavior.
23
Q
Do people in all cultures commit the fundamental attribution error?
A
Research suggests that they do not.
24
Q
Which cultures have the greatest tendency to commit the fundamental attribution error?
A
People from individualistic cultures, which focus on individual achievement and autonomy.
25
Where are individualistic cultures typically found?
In western countries such as North America and the United Kingdom.
26
What is the primary explanation for behavior in individualistic cultures?
A person's disposition is thought to be the primary explanation.
27
Which cultures are less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error?
People from collectivistic cultures, such as those found in Asia.
28
What do collectivistic cultures focus on?
Communal relationships with others, such as family, friends, and community.
29
What is the effect of collectivistic cultures on understanding behavior?
They provide a broader perspective that takes into account both situational and cultural influences.
30
What is a key difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures?
Individualistic cultures focus on the individual, while collectivistic cultures emphasize relationships with others.
31
What is social psychology?
Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts.
32
What are characteristics of individualistic cultures?
Individualistic cultures are achievement-oriented, focus on autonomy, have a dispositional perspective, are independent, and employ an analytic thinking style.
33
What are characteristics of collectivistic cultures?
Collectivistic cultures are relationship-oriented, focus on group harmony, have a situational perspective, are interdependent, and employ a holistic thinking style.
34
What is the tendency of a naïve observer regarding others' behavior?
A naïve observer tends to attribute hostile behavior to a person's disposition rather than to situational causes.
35
Why do we underestimate the influence of the situation on others' behaviors?
We often lack all the information needed to make a situational explanation for another person's behavior, leading us to assume it is due to internal factors.
36
What is the actor-observer bias?
The actor-observer bias is the phenomenon of attributing others' behavior to internal factors while attributing our own behavior to situational forces.
37
What do we have more information about when explaining our own behavior?
As actors of behavior, we have more information available to explain our own behavior.
38
What is attribution
A belief about the cause of a result
39
What are the three dimensions of attribution
locus of control (internal versus external), stability (stable versus unstable), and controllability (controllable versus uncontrollable).
40
What are self serving biases
self-serving biases are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in a favourable light (for example, making internal attributions for success and external attributions for failures). When you do well at a task, for example acing an exam, it is in your best interest to make a dispositional attribution for your behaviour (“I’m smart,”) instead of a situational one (“The exam was easy,”)
41
Self serving biases _____________________
Self-serving bias is the tendency to explain our successes as due to dispositional (internal) characteristics, but to explain our failures as due to situational (external) factors.
42
Is self severing bias culture dependent
Yes
43
What is the just world hypothesis
The just-world hypothesis is the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve . In order to maintain the belief that the world is a fair place, people tend to think that good people experience positive outcomes, and bad people experience negative outcomes
44
One major social determinant of human behaviour is ________
One major social determinant of human behaviour is our social roles
45
What is a social role
A social role is a pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
46
What is a social norms
A social norm is a group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behaviour for its members—how they are supposed to behave and think
47
What is a script
A script is a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting
48
What is an attitude
Attitude is our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object. We have attitudes for many things ranging from products that we might pick up in the supermarket to people around the world to political policies. Typically, attitudes are favourable or unfavourable: positive or negative
49
What are the three components of attitudes
an affective component (feelings), a behavioural component (the effect of the attitude on behaviour), and a cognitive component (belief and knowledge)
50
Our attitude and beliefs are not only influenced by _____ but also by ___________ that we control
Our attitudes and beliefs are not only influenced by external forces, but also by internal influences that we control
51
What is cognitive dissonance
as psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviours, or cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, or opinions)
52
We can reduce cognitive dissonance by_____________
We can reduce cognitive dissonance by bringing our cognitions, attitudes, and behaviours in line—that is, making them harmonious. This can be done in different ways, such as:
changing our discrepant behaviour (e.g., stop smoking),
changing our cognitions through rationalization or denial (e.g., telling ourselves that health risks can be reduced by smoking filtered cigarettes),
adding a new cognition (e.g., “Smoking suppresses my appetite so I don’t become overweight, which is good for my health.”).
53
What does justification of effort suggest
justification of effort, suggests that we value goals and achievements that we put a lot of effort into. According to this theory, if something is difficult for us to achieve, we believe it is more worthwhile.
54
What is persuasion
Persuasion is the process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication. Much of the persuasion we experience comes from outside forces
55
The central route is ____________
The central route is logic driven and uses data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness. For example, a car company seeking to persuade you to purchase their model will emphasize the car’s safety features and fuel economy.
56
The peripheral route is ____________
The peripheral route is an indirect route that uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message. Instead of focusing on the facts and a product’s quality, the peripheral route relies on association with positive characteristics such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement.
57
What is the foot in the door technique
Using the foot-in-the-door technique, the persuader gets a person to agree to bestow a small favour or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favour or purchase of a bigger item.
58
A confederate is ________
A confederate is a person who is aware of the experiment and works for the researcher. Confederates are used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design, and the true, naïve participants believe that confederates are, like them, uninformed participants in the experiment.
59
What is conformity
Conformity is the change in a person’s behaviour to go along with the group, even if they do not agree with the group
60
What is the Asch effect
The Asch effect is the influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgment.
What factors make a person more likely to yield to group pressure? Research shows that the size of the majority, the presence of another dissenter, and the public or relatively private nature of responses are key influences on conformity.
61
What is normative social influence
normative social influence, people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group
62
What is informational social influence
informational social influence, people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous
63
What is obedience
Obedience is the change of an individual’s behaviour to comply with a demand by an authority figure. People often comply with the request because they are concerned about a consequence if they do not comply.
64
What is groupthink
Groupthink is the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus
65
In group situations, the group ________
In group situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of thought.
66
What are the symptoms of groupthink
perceiving the group as invulnerable or invincible—believing it can do no wrong
believing the group is morally correct
self-censorship by group members, such as withholding information to avoid disrupting the group consensus
the quashing of dissenting group members’ opinions
the shielding of the group leader from dissenting views
perceiving an illusion of unanimity among group members
holding stereotypes or negative attitudes toward the out-group or others’ with differing viewpoints
67
Why does groupthink occur
There are several causes of groupthink, which makes it preventable. When the group is highly cohesive, or has a strong sense of connection, maintaining group harmony may become more important to the group than making sound decisions. If the group leader is directive and makes his opinions known, this may discourage group members from disagreeing with the leader. If the group is isolated from hearing alternative or new viewpoints, groupthink may be more likely
68
What is group polarization
is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group. That is, if a group initially favours a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition. Group polarization explains many actions taken by groups that would not be undertaken by individuals
69
What are social traps
Social traps refer to situations that arise when individuals or groups of individuals behave in ways that are not in their best interest and that may have negative, long-term consequences. However, once established, a social trap is very difficult to escape
70
What is social loafing
Social loafing involves a reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled. Because each individual’s efforts are not evaluated, individuals can become less motivated to perform well
71
What is social facilitation
Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behaviour alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled
72
What is deindivduation
Deindividuation refers to situations in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and therefore a reduction in accountability and sense of self when among others. Deindividuation is often pointed to in cases in which mob or riot-like behaviours occur (Zimbardo, 1969), but research on the subject and the role that deindividuation plays in such behaviours has resulted in inconsistent results
73
List all the types of social influences
Conformity Changing your behaviour to go along with the group even if you do not agree with the group
Compliance Going along with a request or demand
Normative social influence Conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group
Informational social influence Conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information
Obedience Changing your behaviour to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences
Groupthink Tendency to prioritize group cohesion over critical thinking that might lead to poor decision making; more likely to occur when there is perceived unanimity among the group
Group polarization Strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within a group
Social facilitation Improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behaviour alone
Social loafing Exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks
Deindividuation Group situation in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and a resulting reduction in accountability and sense of self
74
What is prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group. Prejudice is common against people who are members of an unfamiliar cultural group.
75
Social groups can include
Social groups can include gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, profession, and many more.
76
What is a stereotype
stereotype—that is, a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics. Stereotypes become overgeneralized and applied to all members of a group. For example, someone holding prejudiced attitudes toward older adults, may believe that older adults are slow and incompetent
77
What is discrimination
Discrimination is negative action toward an individual as a result of one’s membership in a particular group
78
What is racism
Racism is prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one’s membership in a specific racial group (such as toward African Americans, Asian Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, European Americans)
79
What is sexism
Sexism is prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex. Typically, sexism takes the form of men holding biases against women, but either sex can show sexism toward their own or their opposite sex
80
Common forms of sexism in modern society include ________
Common forms of sexism in modern society include gender role expectations, such as expecting women to be the caretakers of the household. Sexism also includes people’s expectations for how members of a gender group should behave. For example, women are expected to be friendly, passive, and nurturing
81
What is ageism
People often form judgments and hold expectations about people based on their age. These judgments and expectations can lead to ageism, or prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age
82
What is homophobia
homophobia: prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation
83
Why do prejudice and discrimination exist
Prejudice and discrimination persist in society due to social learning and conformity to social norms. Children learn prejudiced attitudes and beliefs from society: their parents, teachers, friends, the media, and other sources of socialization
84
What is self fulfilling prophecy
A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behaviour in a way that tends to make it true.
85
What is Cofirmation bias
confirmation bias, we seek out information that supports our stereotypes and ignore information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes
86
What is the difference between in groups and out groups
An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to. A group that we don’t belong to, or an out-group, is a group that we view as fundamentally different from us. For example, if you are female, your gender in-group includes all females, and your gender out-group includes all males
87
In group bias can result in _______
This in-group bias can result in prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is perceived as different and is less preferred than our in-group.
88
What is scapegoat
is the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
89
What is agression
Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain
90
What is bullying
Bullying is repeated negative treatment of another person, often an adolescent, over time
91
What are the parties involved in bullying
Bullying involves three parties: the bully, the victim, and witnesses or bystanders
92
What is cyber bullying
Cyberbullying, like bullying, is repeated behaviour that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person. What is unique about cyberbullying is that it is typically covert, concealed, done in private, and the bully can remain anonymous. This anonymity gives the bully power, and the victim may feel helpless, unable to escape the harassment, and unable to retaliate
93
What is the bystander effect
The bystander effect is a phenomenon in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress. Instead, they just watch what is happening
94
What is diffusion of responsibility
Diffusion of responsibility is the tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
95
What is the most influential factor in determining a relationship
Proximity: You are more likely to be friends with people you have regular contact with
96
What is similarity
Similarity is another factor that influences who we form relationships with. We are more likely to become friends or lovers with someone who is similar to us in background, attitudes, and lifestyle. In fact, there is no evidence that opposites attract
97
What is homophily
Similarity is another factor that influences who we form relationships with. We are more likely to become friends or lovers with someone who is similar to us in background, attitudes, and lifestyle. In fact, there is no evidence that opposites attract
98
True or false homophily limits our exposure to diversity
True
