Week 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Taxonomy
A
classifying or categorization of living organisms
2
Q
nomenclature
A
system of names or terms
3
Q
How is DNA packaged?
A
in chromosomes
4
Q
What is the smallest segment of DNA?
A
a gene
5
Q
What are the functions of lipids?
A
- cell membrane structure
- energy (storage)
- protection (cushion)
6
Q
What are phospholipids?
A
they are polar on one end and non polar on the other
fat is non polar
7
Q
What is the function of amino acids
A
- work (action)
- structure
- cell recognition
- energy (chemical reaction)
8
Q
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
A
- energy (fuel)
- structure
- cell recognition
9
Q
How many carbons does a carbohydrate have?
A
6
10
Q
Long chain carbs are ______.
A
starches
11
Q
What microorganisms are acellular?
A
viruses
prions
12
Q
What microorganisms are cellular?
A
prokaryotes (bacteria)
eukaryotes (animal cells, plat cells, fungi, protozoa)
13
Q
What types of microorganisms are in the category of prokaryotes?
A
bacteria
14
Q
What types of microorganisms are in the category of eukaryotes
A
animal cells
plant cells
fungi
protozoa
15
Q
What does a typical bacteria cell contain?
A
glycocalyx cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm ribosomes neucleoid
16
Q
What do typical eukaryotes cells contain?
A
(more complex)
- cell wall
- cell membrane
- vacuoles
- peroxisome
- mitochondria
- chloroplasts
- golgi complex
- ribosome
- nucleus (nucleolis, chromatid, & nuclear membrane)
17
Q
The major similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A
- cytoplasm in the cell
- ribosomes through out the cell
- DNA is the genetic material
- cell (plasma) membrane
18
Q
What are the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A
PROKARYOTES - no nulcleus - single chromosome - no organelles - complex cell wall - smaller EUKARYOTES - contain nucleus - multiples chromosome - contain organelles - single or no cell wall - larger
19
Q
What is proposed in the 5 Kingdom system of taxonomy?
A
Robert Whittakes proposes organizing all organisms into kingdoms
- monera (prokaryotes)
- protista (eukaryotes)
- plantae
- fungi
- animalia
20
Q
What is within the monera kingdom
A
bacteria
21
Q
What is in the protista kingdom?
A
protozoa, slime molds
22
Q
What is in the fungi kingdom?
A
mushrooms, molds, yeasts
23
Q
What is in the plantae kingdom?
A
plants, algea
24
Q
What did Carl Woese propose for taxonomy?
A
3 domains
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukarya
25
When classifying humans what are the subgroups listed?
```
Kingdom- animilia
Phylum- chordate
Class- mammalia
Order- Primates
Family- Hominoidea
Genus- Homo
Species- Sapiens
```
26
How can homosapiens be broken down?
Homo is the genus and sapiens is the species
27
What is homosapien an example of?
binomial nomenclature
28
Binomial nomenclature.
uses genus and species to name
29
Genus.
2 or more species with similar morphology
30
Species.
groups of organisms with similar genetics
31
How do you use binomial nomenclature?
```
Genus first (first letter capitalized)
Species Second ( all lowercase)
- both words underlined or in italics
```
32
How can you abbreviate binomial nomenclature
Just use the first letter of the genus and a period
33
What eukaryote doesn't use binomial nomenclature.
Viruses
34
Strains.
microbes within a species with some genetic change (e.g. O157: H7)
35
What unit is µm?
micrometers
36
how many µm in a mm?
1000
37
How many nm in a µm?
1 000 000
38
Typical size of a bacterium?
1-5 µm
39
Typical size of a virus?
50-250 nm
40
What is bigger, a virus or a bacterium?
bacterium
41
Compound light microscope.
100-1000x magnification
| can see single cells (not viruses)
42
Electron Microscope.
20 000 000x plus
- uses different wave lengths of light to see different things
(needed to see viruses)
43
What are the 3 types pf electron microscopes?
1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
| 2. Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM)
44
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
this electron microscope images look 3 dimensional
45
Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM)
Image goes right through (can see organelles)
46
What are Fluorescence Microscopy used for?
bacterial or viral identification
47
What do classifications lead too?
identification
48
What are some identifying characteristics?
- cell morphology (shape or arrangement)
- staining reaction
- motility
- colony
- morphology
- colony morphologu
- atmospheric requirements
- nutritional requirements
- biochemical metabolic activities
- specific enzymes
- pathogenicity
- genetic composition (15s RNA
49
Bacterial morphology.
cell shape and arrangement
50
Rod-shaped bacteria?
bacillus (pl. bacilli)
51
Spherical or round bacteria?
coccus (pl. cocci)
52
Curvey or wavy bacteria?
curved rod- vibro
rigid wave- spirillum (pl. spirilla)
fexible wave- spirochete
53
Chains of bacteria.
strepto-
54
Pairs of bacteria.
dilo-
55
grape like clusters
staphylo-
56
What are staining techniques used from?
- visualize bacteria
- identify bacteria
- differentiate different kinds o f bacteria
57
What are 3 major staining techniques?
Simple stain
Gram stain
Acid-fast stain
58
What is a simple stain?
stain all bacteria same colour (basic positive dye because most parts of bacteria are negatively charged)
59
What is a gram stain?
differentiate types of cell wall (+/- gram)
60
What is acid-fast stain?
identifies mycobacteria
61
Smear.
place a drop of bacteria sample on a slide
62
What is common to all stains?
- smear
| - heat fix the sample (kills bacteria, stick to slide)
63
When would you use a simple stain?
when you want to know shape and arrangement
64
Gram positive appears...
clustered
65
Gram negative appears...
separate
66
Steps of gram stain.
- smear
- heat
1. crystal violet
2. iodine
3. alcohol wash
4. safranin (aka counterstaining)
67
What colour are gram negative bacteria after a gram stain?
orange-red
68
What colour are gram positive after gram stain?
blue-purple
69
Gram postive bacteria cell wall is composed of?
cell wall made of protein and carbohydrates
70
Gram negative cell wall is composed of?
```
outer membrane (lipids/proteins)
inner layer before membrane (protein/carbs)
```
71
Which on has the extra layer in their cell wall, gram + or gram -?
gram negative
72
Examples of Gram +ve bacteria
staphylococcus aureas
| susceptible to penicillin
73
What is staphylococcus aureus
| susceptible to?
PENECILLIN
74
Example of gram -ve bacteria
Escherichia coli
(susceptible to tetracuclines)
-release toxins from membrane
75
What is E. coli susceptible to?
tetracycline
76
Chlamydia trachomitis is ...
gram negative cocci
77
What is the most common bacteria in the world to cause an STI?
Chlamydia trachomatis
| gram -ve cocci
78
Steps to an acid fast stain.
- smear
- heat
1. read stain
2. heat (to penetrate)
3. acid/alcohol wash
4. Blue stain
79
Acid fast stains are used to identify ______ bacteria.
Mycobacteria
Ex. TB causing
Mycobacerium tuberculosis
80
What is in the bacteria envelope?
glycocalyx
cell wall
cell membrane
81
What is Glycocalyx?
sticky layer of polysacchraides & small protiens
82
What is the glycocalyx for?
protection, adhesion, water balance
83
What types of bacteria have glycocalyx?
rods (bacillus) and sphere (coccus) shapes
84
What is an example of bacteria with a glycocalyx?
Haemophilus influenza
85
Describe Haemophilus influenza.
Causes meningitis
- difficult for antibiotics to penetrate the glycocalyx
- death rate in treated meningitis = 20%
86
What is the death rate in treated H. influenza?
20%
87
Glycocalyx capsule.
thick and tightly bound
88
Glycocalyx slime layer.
thin and flowing
89
What is an example of a bacteria with a slime layer?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
90
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
opportunistic bacteria
- causes UTI and lung infections
- has slime layer
91
What do colonies of glycocaylyx-covered bacteria from when they come together?
biofilms
92
What is the problem with biofilms?
they make it challenging to kill bacteria with macrophages andantibiotics
93
Where is a common place to find biofilms?
on catheters
94
Describe bacteria cell wall.
```
Complex
Semirigid structure
Responsible for cell shape
Protects against ressure changes
Composition and thickness varies
```
95
Describe gram positive bacteria cell walls.
Made of protein and carbohydrates (called peptoglycan) and Teichoic acid)
96
What is teichoic acid?
part of gram positive cell walls
- gives stability
- made of phosphate and alcohol
- highly negatively charged
- antigenic
97
Antigenic.
substance that stimulates production of antibodies
98
Describe gram negative bacterial cell walls.
Outer membrane
Lipopolysaccharide
(LPS-endotoxin, antigenic)
(lipoprotein & liposacharide)
Peptoglycan- Periplasmic region
Cell membrane below
99
What is Lipopolysaccharide?
part of gram negative cell wall
- endotoxin
- antigenic
100
Endotoxin.
toxin inside a bacterial cell that is released when the cell is digested
101
Which cell wall is thicker, gram +ve or gram -ve?
gram +ve
102
Which has an outer membrane and periplamic region, gram +ve or gram -ve?
gram -ve
103
Which contains teichoic acid, gram +ve or gram -ve?
gram +ve
104
Which contains LPS, gram +ve or gram -ve?
gram -ve
105
What are cytoplasmic contents of bacteria?
ribosomes
inclusion bodies
single chromosome
plasmids
106
What are plasmids?
circular pieces of DNA, not essential for life, carry antibiotic resistance, act as 'emergency' genetic material
107
What are bacterial endospores?
dormant/resistances stage of certain bacterial cells
- NOT a form of reproduction
- form when nutrient and moisture are low
- spores EXTREMELY RESISTANCE
108
What is a spore coat made of?
protein that doesn't stain
109
What are some diseases caused by sporeformers?
- antrax (Bacillus)
- tetanus (Clostridium)
- gas gangrene
- botulisms
110
What are flagella made of?
rigid protein subunit called FLAGELLIM
111
Describe flagella.
long, thread like appendages on some bacteria
- allow motility
- made of flagellim
112
How fast des the filament of a flagella rotate?
600rpm
| 10x per second
113
How fast can bacteria move?
50 µm/s
114
What is the process by which bacteria move?
chemotaxis
115
Describe chemotaxis.
the process by which bacteria move; attracted to favourable conditions and repelled from unfavourable
116
How do bacteria with flagella move?
runs (counter clockwise) and tumbles (clockwise)
117
When conditions are unfavourable how do bacteria move?
long tumbles and short runs
118
When conditions are favourable how do bacteria move?
short tumbles longs runs
| the more energy from conditions the longer the run
119
Describe Pili.
many, short, hairlike appendages
- pili are made of protein called PILIN
- help bacteria ATTACH, and TRANSFER GENETIC MATERIAL
120
What do pili do?
1. ATTACH to surfaces or other cells (called FIMBRIAE))
| 2. TRANSFER DNA from one bacterium to another (use SEX PILI) this process is called CONJUGATION
121
How do bacteria reproduce?
binary fission
122
What is the usual rate of reproduction for bacteria>?
20-30 minutes
123
Generation doubling time.
time in minutes for a population to double (logarithmic or exponential growth)
124
What are the stages of logarithmic growth of bacteria?
- Lag phase has few cells
- Exponential growth phase lots of live cells few dead cells
- Stationary cells has half live cells half dead cells
- Death phase most die off but some remain viable
125
What are the growth requirements for pathogens to go?
35-42 C
| pH 7.0-7.5
126
What temp. do psychrophile grow at?
0-20 C
127
Example of psychrophile.
Listeria
128
What temp. do mesophile grows at?
20- 40 C
129
Example of mesophile
ecoli
130
What temp. do thermophiles grow at?
40-90 C
131
Example of a thermopile.
hot springs, hydrothermal
132
Aerobes.
require oxygen
133
Anaerobes.
Do NOT require oxygen
134
Benefit of oxygen.
excellent energy-producing molecule
135
Flaw of oxygen.
generates free radical toxins
136
Aerobes must be able to break down ___ ______ or die.
free radicals
137
Facultative anaerobe/aerobes.
can take or leave oxygen
138
example of facultative bacteria.
E. coli
| facultative aerobes
139
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