Week 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the jaw bone called?
A
mandible
2
Q
What are the routes of transmission for infectious disease?
A
direct contact (like touching blood), indirect contact (like needlesticks), airborne transmission (like sneezing), food borne transmission, and vector-borne transmission (like fleas or mosquitoes)
3
Q
What are capillaries?
A
tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules
4
Q
What sort of capabilities does an EMT have?
A
Basic Life Support, including AED, airway adjuncts, and assisting patients with certain medications
5
Q
When do patients go into shock?
A
during large losses of blood when the heart cannot adjust
6
Q
Who acts as a liaison for a local EMS service and blankets over the practice?
A
Medical director, a licensed physician
7
Q
What is pathophysiology?
A
The study of functional changes that occur when body reacts to disease
8
Q
What are the functions of the urinary system?
A
controls the discharge of waste materials, controls fluid balance in the body, controls pH balance
9
Q
divides the body top/bottom
A
transverse (axial) plane
10
Q
What is action?
A
the therapeutic effect of a drug
11
Q
What is the dose of epinephrine given to adults?
A
.3 mg
12
Q
What structures make up the pharynx?
A
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
13
Q
How many hours of training do EMT’s require?
A
150
14
Q
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) further divided into?
A
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
15
Q
What is residual volume?
A
the gas that remains in the lungs to keep the lungs open
16
Q
What are the major subdivisions of the brain?
A
cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem
17
Q
What is a normal resting heart rate (HR)?
A
60-100 beats/min
18
Q
What licensure requirements do you need to become an EMT?
A
HS diploma, immunization, background check/drug screening, valid ID, completion of course and cert. exam, demonstration of necessary mental and physical abilities, compliance with other state/local/employer provisions
19
Q
What is the purpose of nitroglycerin and how is it administered?
A
relieves angina pain (cardiac patients), increases blood flow, relaxes veins; administered sublingually as tablet or through metered-dose spray
20
Q
What bones make up the foot?
A
7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, and phalanges (toes)
21
Q
What kind of mask is needed when dealing with patients who have air-borne diseases?
A
masks with particulate air respirator
22
Q
What hormones are released by the sympathetic nervous system in fight-or-flight responses?
A
epinephrine and norepinephrine
23
Q
What are the maxillae?
A
two bones above the mouth that hold the upper teeth and lie below the eyes
24
Q
What is the manubrium?
A
upper section of the sternum
25
What are joints?
bone to bone connections
26
What is the xiphoid process?
the cartilaginous tip at the base of the sternum that helps connects the ribs to the sternum
27
How do you calculate cardiac output (CO)?
HR x SV = CO
28
What are the contraindications of epinephrine?
hypertension, hypothermia, MI, or wheezing
29
Where is the liver located?
mostly RUQ and extending into LUQ
30
What are the two types of medical control?
off-line (indirect) and online (direct)
31
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
supports the circulatory and immune systems, helps to rid body of toxins
32
What is considered online (direct) medical control?
Physician directions given over the phone or radio
33
What is the dose of epinephrine given to children?
.15 mg
34
Is anterior front or back?
front
35
What is dead space in the respiratory system?
the portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli and where little or no exchange of gas between air and blood occurs
36
What are the primary muscles of breathing?
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
37
What are two functions of the skeletal system commonly not thought of?
stores calcium and helps create blood cells
38
What initiates ventilation cycles?
the medulla
39
What are the two layers of the integumentary system (skin)?
epidermis (superficial) and dermis (deeper)
40
What is the foramen magnum?
large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal column connects to the brain
41
What are the functions of epinephrine?
increases heart rate and constricts blood vessels; counteracts histamine
42
What kind of healthcare is provided within the community by a team of professionals, outside of a hospital setting?
mobile integrated health care
43
What is systole?
When the left ventricle of the heart contracts, it pumps blood from the ventricle into the aorta
44
What kind of regulation falls under state legislation?
training, protocols, and practices
45
What are the contraindications of aspirin?
hypersensitivity to aspirin, liver damage, bleeding disorder, child
46
Which side of the heart receives and pumps oxygenated blood?
left
47
What are the three main kinds of patients that require large collaboration between EMS systems and hospitals?
heart attacks, trauma, and stroke
48
What is diffusion?
the passive process in which oxygen molecules move from areas with a higher concentration of oxygen molecules to areas of lower oxygen concentration
49
What book established EMS?
Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society
50
divides the body front/back
frontal (coronal) plane
51
What is the primary medication that EMT's deliver IM?
epinephrine
52
What is the pelvic girdle called and what is its function?
acetabulum, it connects the pelvis to the femur by a ball-and-socket joint
53
What sort of specific aspects of advanced life support (ALS) are AEMT's trained in?
IV therapy, administration of a limited number of emergency medications
54
What is the ulna?
the forearm bone on the medial, or pinky finger, side
55
What kind of receptors do the heart and lungs have and what do they do?
beta-adrenergic receptors that when stimulated cause the heart rate to increase and bronchi to dilate
56
What government department oversees nationwide EMS?
Department of Transportation (DOT)
57
What is the sternal notch?
the tip of the sternum that can be felt under the trachea
58
What are the six rights of medication administration?
right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation
59
What are the fastest routes of administration of a medication?
sublingual, per rectum, inhalation, and intranasal
60
What is the dose of nitroglycerin given to adults?
.4 mg
61
What part of the skull is on top?
parietal bone
62
What is a V/Q ratio?
ventilation/perfusion; it is a measure of how much gas is being moved effectively through the lungs and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli
63
What are the two main circuits of the circulatory system?
systemic (body) and pulmonary (lungs)
64
What is the autonomic nervous system further divided into?
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
65
What is respiration?
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and tissues
66
How many lobes do each lung have?
right has three, left has two due to heart
67
What are absolute and relative contraindications?
absolute: medication should never be given if this contraindication is present; relative: only give medication if its benefits outweigh the risks
68
What are the two types of nerves within the peripheral nervous system and what do they do?
Sensory nerves carry information from body to CNS
| Motor nerves carry information from CNS to muscles
69
What is diastole?
When the muscle of the ventricle relaxes, the ventricle fills with blood
70
What part of the skull is the forehead?
frontal bone
71
What structure controls breathing?
brain stem
72
What bones make up the pelvis?
sacrum and two pelvic bones
73
What is the purpose of aspirin and how is it administered?
reduces fever, pain, and inflammation; useful during heart attack because it inhibits platelet aggregation; administered orally
74
What part of the skull is at the base, in the middle of which the foramen magnum lies?
occipital bone
75
How is naloxone administered?
intranasally
76
What are contraindications?
harmful effects of a drug
77
What are the contraindications of naloxone?
none; multiple doses may be necessary
78
What reviews and audits the EMS system?
Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)
79
What are the contraindications of nitroglycerin?
low BP, ED meds,
80
What are the five sections of the spinal column in order from top to bottom and how many vertebrae in each?
cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5), coccyx (4)
81
What is the shinbone called?
tibia
82
What is perfusion?
circulation of blood in organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the needs of cells
83
Where do the superior and inferior vena cava join?
right atrium
84
What is the dose of naloxone given to adults?
2 mg, one in each nostril
85
What is the function of naloxone?
to reverse the effects of opioid overdose
86
What kind of receptors do blood vessels have and what do they do?
alpha-adrenergic receptors that when stimulated cause the blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure
87
What part of the skull is the sides of the head above the ears?
temporal bones
88
What structures are included in the upper airway?
nose (nasal air passage), mouth (oral cavity), nasopharynx, pharynx, oropharynx, and epiglottis
89
How much blood do adults have in their body?
5-6 liters
90
What is ventilation?
simple air movement into and out of the lungs
91
What is the cheek bone called?
zygomatic bone
92
How is blood pressure read?
Systolic blood pressure: high point of wave as heart is contracting
Diastolic blood pressure: low point of wave as heart is relaxing
93
What does the aorta branch into?
coronary (supply heart), carotid (brain), hepatic (liver), renal (kidney), and mesenteric (digestive) arteries
94
What are indications?
reasons or conditions for using a drug
95
What main structures does the thoracic cavity contain?
heart, lungs, esophagus, great vessels
96
What are the functions of the liver?
filter harmful substances, helping with blood clotting, storing sugar for immediate use, digest fats
97
What is an agonist?
a medication that causes stimulation of receptors
98
What is the function of the spleen and where is it located?
filters blood, located under the rib cage; particularly susceptible to injury and bleeding from blunt trauma
99
How do you calculate minute volume?
Respiratory rate × tidal volume
100
What three structures make up a pelvic bone? (from top to bottom)
ilium, pubis, ischium
101
How are gases for inhalation delivered?
through nonrebreathing mask or nasal cannula
102
What bones make up the thorax?
the 12 thoracic vertebrae and 12 pairs of ribs
103
What is the main course of blood in pulmonary circulation?
oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle is carried through the lungs and back to the left atrium
104
What is an antagonist?
a medication that binds to a receptor and blocks other medications or chemicals
105
What are the four components of blood?
Plasma (liquid)
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets
106
What is included in the axial skeleton?
skull, spinal column, thorax
107
Where is the stomach located?
LUQ of abdomen
108
What is the radius?
forearm bone on the lateral, or thumb side
109
What are the common routes of administration of medications?
per rectum (PR, usually for children); oral/per os (PO); intravenous (IV); intraosseous (IO, into the bone); subcutaneous (SC); intramuscular (IM); inhalation; sublingual (SL); transcutaneous (through skin but not beneath): intranasal (IN)
110
What makes up the urinary system?
kidneys, ureter, and urinary bladder
111
What are some signs of inadequate breathing in adults?
labored breathing, muscle retractions, pale/cyanotic and damp skin, tripod position, axonal gasps
112
What is cardiac output (CO)?
amount of blood moved in one minute
113
divides the body left/right
sagittal (lateral) plane
114
What are good guides to a person's anatomy when assessing a patient?
superficial landmarks and topographic anatomy
115
What is the calf bone on the lateral side of the leg called?
fibula
116
What do enteral and parenteral mean in terms of medication?
enteral: enters body through digestive system;
parenteral: enters through some other means
117
What bones are contained in the shoulder girdle?
clavicle, scapula, and humerus
118
What division of the PNS controls voluntary muscles and what division controls involuntary actions?
somatic (body) and autonomic (automatic)
119
What are the functions of the pancreas?
secrete enzymes that aid in digestion and produce insulin and glucagon
120
What is tidal volume?
amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath
121
What is the main course of blood in systemic circulation?
oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle is carried through the body and back to the right atrium
122
What is stroke volume (SV)?
amount of blood moved by one beat
123
What is considered off-line (indirect) medical control?
Standing orders, training, supervision
124
What is the oropharynx?
tubular structure that extends from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
125
What kind of extensive ALS training do paramedics have?
endotracheal intubation, emergency pharmacology, cardiac monitoring, and other advanced assessment and treatment skills
126
What are the main elements of the lymphatic system?
spleen, lymph nodes, lymph, lymph vessels, thymus gland
127
What is the pleura?
a layer of smooth glistening tissue that covers each lung and lines the chest cavity
128
What is pharmacodynamics?
a process by which medication works on the body
129
What is included in the appendicular skeleton?
arms, legs, their connection points, and pelvis
130
What are unintended and untoward effects?
unintended: undesirable but pose little risk to patient;
untoward: effects that can be harmful to the patient
131
How long should you wait in between administering doses of nitroglycerin?
5 minutes
132
What is flexion?
bending
133
What is extension?
straightening
134
What is a joint capsule?
the fibrous sac that holds the bone ends of a joint together
135
What lines the inner lining of a joint and produces a thick lubricant that allows bones to glide?
synovial membrane
136
What part of the heart sends out electrical impulses that determine the heart rate?
the SA node
137
What part of the heart sends out an impulse to the ventricles to contract, after the atria have already been told to contract?
The AV node
138
What does distal refer to?
Extremity of appendage
139
What does proximal refer to?
Point at which appendage joins the body
140
What do dorsal and ventral refer to?
back and belly, respectively
141
What is included in the lower airway?
trachea, alveoli, bronchioles, and main bronchi
142
What divides the upper and lower airways?
the larynx
143
What is the point at which the trachea divides into the two main bronchi?
the carina
144
What is the thyroid cartilage called?
Adam's apple
145
What sits below the thyroid cartilage?
the cricothyroid membrane and cricoid cartilage
146
If a patient is diaphoretic, what does that mean?
they are sweating heavily
147
What are the major organs that lie in the RUQ?
liver, gallbladder, and portion of large intestine
148
What are the network of tiny blood vessels that line the walls of the alveoli?
pulmonary capillaries
149
What does breathing occur as a result of?
buildup of carbon dioxide that causes a decrease of pH in the cerebrospinal fluid
150
What is the name of the body's backup system for breathing control?
hypoxic drive, less sensitive that CSF detection of CO2
151
What is the normal breathing rate for adults? for children? for infants?
12-20 breaths per minute; 12-40, 30-60
152
What is myocardium?
cardiac muscle
153
What is the name of the thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting?
chordae tendineae
154
Where does electrical signal in the heart move from the AV node and bundle of His?
through the Purkinje fibers to the ventricles
155
What is the procession of electrical states in the heart during a normal heart beat?
depolarization, then repolarization
156
What is the tunica media?
middle layer of arteries made of smooth muscle that can contract and dilate to raise or lower BP respectively
157
what is systemic vascular resistance?
the resistance to blood flow within all of the blood vessels except the pulmonary vessels
158
Where is the spleen located?
LUQ
159
What is a blood pressure cuff called
sphyngomanometer
160
What is preload in the heart?
amount of blood returning to the heart
161
What is the afterload?
pressure to be overcome when left ventricle contracts (pressure within the aorta)
162
What is pulse pressure?
difference between systolic and diastolic BP
163
How much blood do children and infants normally have in their body?
2-3 L for children, 300 mL for infants
164
How do you calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
MAP = (HR x SV) x SVR
165
What are hydrostatic and oncotic pressure?
hydrostatic pushes fluid out of the capillary, oncotic pressure pulls it in; exchanges nutrients for waste with cells
166
What is the structure of the superficial epidermis?
at the base, the germinal layer constantly produces new epithelial cells which die and rise to the stratum corneal layer
167
What structures lie within the dermis?
sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, and nerve endings
168
Where is the stomach located?
LUQ
169
What are the main organs in the LUQ?
stomach, spleen, and portion of colon
170
What two organs lie in all four quadrants?
large and small intestines
171
Where is the pancreas located?
in both upper quadrants toward the back
172
Where is the bladder located?
both lower quadrants
173
Where are the kidneys located?
in both upper quadrants toward the back
174
What is the gallbladder?
small pouch that serves as a reservoir and concentrating organ for bile produced in the liver
175
What is pulmonary embolism?
When a clot breaks off from a vein and clogs a branch of the pulmonary arteries so the Q portion of V/Q is off
176
What is pulmonary edema?
fluid blocks part of the alveoli in the lungs preventing ventilation, making the V portion of V/Q abnormal
177
What is normal BP in adults?
120/80 - 140/90
