week 2

Question 1

define reasoning

Answer 1

a cause, explanation or justification of do something. What is right, practical or possible. The ability of the mind to think, understand and form judgements logically.

Question 2

define thinking

Answer 2

a person’s ideas or options. Have a particular opinion, belief or idea about something or someone.

Question 3

what did professional reasoning used to be called

Answer 3

Clinical reasoning: traditional terminology/implies medical practice. (PAST)

Question 4

whats professional reasoning

Answer 4

• How therapists actually think when engaged in practice (sometimes hard to explain why)
• A metacognitive process (thinking about thinking)
• Process used to plan, direct, preform and reflect on client care
• Usually performed quickly so therapists can act on their reasoning right away (after practice)

Question 5

scientific reasoning

Answer 5

• Involved the use of applied logical and scientific methods such as hypothesis testing, pattern recognition and statistical evidence.
  Used to:
• Understand the condition affecting the individual
• Select interventions in the clients best interest
  Recognised in discussions as:
• Impersonal, focus on diagnosis, condition, evidence from research or what typically occurs when alike clients.
  EXAMPLES:
  What is the nature of the illness, injury or development problem?
  What are the common impairments or disabilities resulting from this condition?

Question 6

diagnostic reasoning

Answer 6

• Involves the investigation and analysis of cause or nature of conditions requiring occupational intervention.
  Used to:
• Recognise and explain the condition affecting an individual
• Select interventions in the clients best interest
  Recognised in discussions as:
• Both personal and impersonal information
• Therapists attempts to explain why client is experiencing problems using scientific and client based information.
  EXAMPLES:
  What are the occupational performance problems this client has or may have in the future?
  What are the factors contributing to this problem?

Question 7

narrative reasoning

Answer 7

• Involving the understanding of the meaning that a disease, illness or disability has to an individual
• Focuses on cleints occupational strries
  Used to:
• Understand clients perspective of their current situations
• Understand roles, occupational functioning, impacts on occupational performance
  Recognised in discussions as:
• Personal, focused on the client, including past, present and anticipated future
• Involved appreciation of clients culture as basis for understanding
• Relates to the so what of the condition for the persons life.
  EXAMPLES: what is this persons life story?
  What is the nature of this person as an occupational being?
  How has the health condition affected the persons life story or ability to continue his or her life story?

Question 8

interactive reasoning

Answer 8

• Involves the understanding of current supports, engagement and attitude towards service systems. Relies on communicative process to enter the clients life world to better understand how to help.
  Used to:
• Build positive interpersonal relationships with clients
• Permit collaborative problem identification and problem solving
• Understand environmental influences of client practitioner relationships
  Recognise in discussions as:
• Concern with what the client likes or does not life
• Use of praise, empathetic comments, and nonverbal behaviours to encourage and support clients cooperation.
  EXAMPLES:
  How can I best relate to this person?

Question 9

procedural reasoning

Answer 9

• Involving the understanding of clients conditions, likely prognoses and evidence based interventions that are likely to support optimal outcomes.
  Used to:
• Guide evidence based interventions to achieve clients desired outcomes in the context of the specific conditions
• Consider advantages/disadvantages of various interventions
  Recognised in discussions as:
• Using therapy regimes or routines thought to be effective with problems identified that are typically used with clients in the given setting.
  EXAMPLE:
  How are clinets like this usually handled in my setting?

Question 10

conditional reasoning

Answer 10

• Involves the understanding of a clients condition and how change is conditional upon participation in the therapeutic process.
• Considers what is the best intervention for the specific cleint
  Used to:
• Anticipate situations in treatments
• Imaging future possibilities for clients
  Recognised in discussions as:
• Typically seen with more experienced therapists who can see multiple futures based on the therapists past experiences and current information.

EXAMPLES:
where is this person going?

Question 11

pragmatic reasoning

Answer 11

• Involves implementing of therapy possibilities into the current realities of service delivery.
  Used to:
• Consider how therapy can operate given resources and reimbursement issues
  Recognise in discussions as:
• Generally not focused on client or the clients condition but rather on all the physical and social aspects that surrounds the therapy encounter
• Therapists sense of what they are capable of and his time and energy to complete
• Discussing the treatments that a realistic within the treatment setting.
  EXAMPLES:
  Who is paying for services and what are their rules?
  What family or caregiver resources are there to support intervention?

Question 12

ethical reasoning

Answer 12

• Involves a moral conflict where on moral stand or action conflicts with another (systematic approach to moral conflict)
  Used to:
• Analyse an ethical dilemma
• Generate alternative solutions and determining actions to be taken
  Recognised in discussions as:
• Tension is often evident as therapist attempts to determine what is the right thing to do, practically when faced with dilemmas in therapy competing principles, risks and benefits.
  EXAMPLES:
  Are the risks of the therapy worth the benefits?

Question 13

whats the three stages of professional reasoning

Answer 13

ormuakting impressions
information gathered planning
monitoring

Question 14

whats formulating an impression stage

Answer 14

• The initial stage where the OT try to develop an understanding based on typically fairly limited information available to them.

Question 15

whats information gathered planning stage

Answer 15

• More detailed assessment driven by gaps identified in earlier stages
• Collaborative engagement with clients to make plans for service provision

Question 16

whats monitoring stage

Answer 16

• Continual evaluation and improvement
• If, on balance outcomes are less than expected, further consideration should be given to:
• Clients current difficulties or their desired occupational futures (narrative reasoning)
• Clients understanding of their conditions and their relationships with support networks (interactive reasoning)
• The most effective interventions for clients specific situations (procedural and conditional reasoning)

Question 17

whats professional reasoning in summary

Answer 17

interactions amount practitioner and client and practice context

Question 18

whats the five stage of professional reasoning continum

Answer 18

Novice
advanced beginner
competent
proficent 
expert

Question 19

whats the thing to remember the professional reasoning continum

Answer 19

no
adult
can 
pay 
everyhting

Question 20

novice

Answer 20

Novice (no experience in practice area):

• Use rule based procedural reasoning to guide actions but does not recognise contextual cues.
• Not skilful in adapting rules to fit situations
• Uses procedural/ scientific reasoning
• Want to find an instruction manual.

Question 21

advanced beginner

Answer 21

Advanced beginner (<1 year):

• Begins to incorporate contextual information into rule based thinking
• Recognises differneces between therotical epectations and presenting problems
• Relies on external guides as a form of reasoning
• Recognises additional cues and begins to see client as an individual

Question 22

competent

Answer 22

Competent (1-3 years):

• Sees more facts
• Understand clients problems
• Individualises treatment
• May lack creativity and flexibility

Question 23

proficient

Answer 23

Proficient (3-5 years):

• View situations as a while instead of in isolated parts
• Able to develop a vision of where the client should go
• Able to modify easily

Question 24

expert

Answer 24

Expert (5-10 years):

• Recognises and understands rules of practice
• Uses intuition to know what to do next
• Uses conditional reasoning
• Able to flow conversation and action smoothly

Question 25

whats the three stages of the development of ot

Answer 25

1. Pre paradigm stage – the formation of the field 2. Paradigm stage – members of the discipline articulate, subscribe & abide to a common set of ideas 3. Crisis – inability of the paradigm to deal with new problems in the field

Question 26

define paradigm

Answer 26

members of profession are bound together by a shared vision- a set of perspectives, ideas, concepts, approaches, theories and values

Question 27

define conceptual perspective

Answer 27

fundamentals that are found in the body of knowledge of the profession and discussed by those seeking to define the nature and purpose of the field.

Question 28

whats the ancient chinse proverb

Answer 28

* I hear and I forget. * I see and I remember. * I do and I understand. * Confucius; Chinese philosopher

Question 29

the age of enlightenment (reason)

Answer 29

questioned old ways of viewing the world and provided new ways of knowing.

Question 30

whats moral treatment

Answer 30

All people, even the most challenged are entitled too consideration and human compassion. Focus on the patient’s environment and life situation Physical, temporal and social environment was engineered so as to correct faulty habits of living and regenerate new ones Engagement of patients in normal activities within a cheerful and supportive environment Goal of arranging healthy living Use of moral remedies such as education, work, routine, and play as therapeutic process to normalise disorganised behaviour

Question 31

whats idleness

Answer 31

-led to demoralisation, the degeneration of attention, preoccupation with morbid thoughts and assumption of an invalid identity.

Question 32

whats habit dysfunction

Answer 32

could accompany both mental and physical illness and threatened competent performance.

Question 33

breakdown of the balance in daily life occupations

Answer 33

emanated primarily from a loss or failure of playfulness.

Question 34

what year was oT founded

Answer 34

USA in 1917

Question 35

what year was National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy was formed in 1917

Answer 35

1917

Question 36

what year was American occupation therapy association was formed

Answer 36

1921

Question 37

who's the father of occupational therapy

Answer 37

Willian duton

Question 38

who's the mother of occupational therapy

Answer 38

Eleanor slagle

Question 39

whats the occupational therapy self assessment

Answer 39

- Client centred - Paper and pencil instrument - Self report (done by client) - Initial assessment (when they first come to the facility) - Outcome measure (afterwards) (allows a comparison) - Looks at level of competence (how well) in values about occupational performance and participation (involvement in the occupation).

Question 40

whats the purpose of th e OSA

Answer 40

- Clients viewpoint - Clients priorities - Identifies strategies - Enhances communication - Enhances collaboration

Question 41

define volition

Answer 41

: the desire/goal/will/motivation/confident in abilities to do what you want to do

Question 42

define habituation

Answer 42

: turning things into a habit/ things you do regularly/having a satisfying routine/ habits make up the role you play