Week 2 Flashcards by caitlin gill

What is Epidemiology?

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems

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What is the goal of epidemiology?

determine whether there is an ASSOCIATION between an exposure and a disease or adverse health outcome”

AND`

“If so, determine whether the observed association reflects a CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP of the exposure to the disease outcome

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What are the 3 main study types?

Randomised trials
Cohort study
Case control study

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What is the formula for Relative risk?

Ratio of risk of disease in exposed people / risk of disease in the non-exposed

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What so the values of RR mean

1/1 = no association
2/1 = positive association
1/2 = negative association (could be protective)

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How muhc attributal risk os needed to deem something causal?

> 50%

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What do you need to consider to move association to causal?

was it there before or after?
is it dose dependent
it has to be biologically plausilbe

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What is a communicable disease?

Can transmitted from one person to another and is caused by an infectious agent that is transmitted from a source or reservoir to a susceptible host

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What are the main types of outbreak?

General outbreak

Point source outbreak

Propagated outbreak

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what is a generla outbreak?

General outbreak - Occurrence of new cases of a disease clearly in excessof the baseline frequency of the disease in a defined community over a given time period

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what is a point source outbreak?

– An outbreak due to exposure of a group of people to a noxious influence that is common to the individuals in the group

– The exposure is briefand essentially simultaneous, resultant cases all develop within 1 incubation period of the disease

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What is a propagated outbreak?

– An outbreak where there are multiple exposures over a period of time, from host to host (directly or indirectly), resulting in cases that are not within1 incubation period

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What are the different types of immunity?

active
passive
inherent
herd

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What is the epidemiological triad of disease?

Host
Agent
Environment
(vector in middle)

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What is the process of disease transmission

 Agent
 Reservoir
 Portal of exit
 Mode of transmission
 Portal of entry
Susceptible host

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What are the DIRECT modes of disease transmission

Agent
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host

What are the INDIRECT modes of disease transmission

– Air-borne
–Vehicle-borne
–Vector-borne
–Fomite-borne
–Hand-borne

What is an emergiing infectious disease?

Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that have appeared for the first time or that have occurred before appeared in populations where they have not previously been reported

What is a re-emerging infectious disease

Re-emerging infectious diseases are familiar diseases caused by well-understood organisms that were once under control or declining but now are resistant to common drugs or gaining new footholds in the population and increasing in incidence.

What are the pricniples for control of communicable disease?

 Rapid Assessment
Prevention
Surveillance
Outbreak Control
Disease Management

What conditions increase the spread of infectious diseases?

Global travel
Globalisationof food supply and centralisationof food processing
Population growth, increased urbanisationand overcrowding
Migration due to wars, famines, and natural disasters
Irrigation, deforestation, and reforestation projects that alter habitats
Human behaviors, such as IV drug use and risky sexual behavior
Increased use of antimicrobial agents and pesticides
Increased human contact with wilderness habitats

What measures can be used to prevent communicable disease?

–Good site planning
–Provision of basic clinical services
–Provision of appropriate shelter
–Clean water supply
–Sanitation
–Mass vaccination against specific diseases
–Regular and sufficient food supply
–Control of vectors

What is primary prevention?

Increasing the resistance of the host
Inactivating the agent
Interrupt the chain of infection
Restricting spread of infection:
–Isolation
–Quarantine
–Segregation
–Personal surveillance

What is secondary prevention?

Activities targeted at detecting disease at earliest possible time to:
–Begin treatment
–Stop progression
–Protect others in the community

Examples of activities:
–Case finding
–Health screening
–Health education

What is tertiary prevention?

Limits the progression of disability | Treatment of symptoms and rehabilitation vary with each specific disease

What is surveillance?

Surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data in order to plan, implement and evaluate public health intervention. Surveillance system should be simple, flexible and acceptable.

What are the 4 steps to managing communicable disease outbreak?

Preparation Detection Response Evaluation

How do you prepare for an outbreak?

``` Health co-ordination meetings Strong surveillance system Outbreak response plan for each disease Stocks of iv fluids, antibiotics and vaccines Plans for isolation at home or hospital Laboratory support ```

What are the steps in detectipon of an outbreak?

Surveillance system with early warning system for epidemic prone diseases Inform Ministry of Health and WHO in case of outbreaks of specific diseases Take appropriate specimens (stool, urine, CSF, or blood tests like maternal serum) for laboratory confirmation Include case in the weekly report

How do you respond to the outbreak? (4 steops)

Confirm the outbreak Activate the outbreak control team Investigate the outbreak Control the outbreak

What methods are used to eradicate disease?

``` –Immunization and vaccination –Drug therapy –Community training –Health education –National disease surveillance efforts ```

What is the role of ECP in communicable disease?

``` normally the first to see community members at risk –Remote communities –ieindigenous Australians, mining, exploration –Nursing Homes –Kindergartens –Shopping Malls –Port of Melbourne in Footscray –P&O Cruises in Port Melbourne –Melbourne Airport at Tullermarine –Equine International Horse Centre ```

What must ECPs be able to do with communicable disease?

–Recognisewho is at risk –Where the reservoirs and source of infectious disease agents are located –What environmental factors promote the spread –What comprise the characteristic of vulnerability of community member and groups-particularly those subject to intervention –Work collaboratively with other Public Health Professionals to establish extended care and educational programs, to improve wellbeing of different communities outside of hospital emergency departments –Broaden qualifications into WH&S ieHygienist