Week 7 Flashcards
what are advantages of point of care testing?
- assess and manage pt in their home
- detailed triage of pt’s
- screening of pt’s in community
- Detect blood loss
- diagnostic for low risk chest pain
- reduce hospital overcrowding
what are disadvantages of point of care testing?
- info overload
- prohibitive cost
- interpretation
- > time consuming
- requires skill and critical thinking
- false positives and false negatives
what is specific gravity of urine?
a measure of the amount of solutes dissolved in urine compared to water
- measures the ability of the kidney to concentrate or dilute urine
what values indicate decreased urine specific gravity?
Decreases <1.005
- inability to concentrate urine or excessive hydration
what values indicate increased urine specific gravity?
Increased >1.035
- indicates a concentrated urine
- > dehydration, renal failure
what is the normal ph level for urine analysis?
- 5 - 8.0
- kidneys play a role in acid-base regulation of the body
What can cause high urinary ph?
- Various diet types
- systemic alkolosis
- UTI
- drugs
What can cause low urinary ph?
- high protein or fruit diet
- systemic acidosis
- diabetes
What level of protein in the urine defines protenuria?
> 150 mg/day
What do nitrates in the urine analysis indicate?
UTI, converted to nitrates in presence of gram-negative bacteria
What are causes of haematuria?
- trauma, infection, inflammation, infarction, calcuili, neoplasia
What are causes of haemoglobinuria?
- burns, eclampsia, sickle cell crisis, multiple myeloma
is glucose normally found in urine anaysis?
No
What does a positive billirubin test in urine indicate?
liver disease
with a urine test, wat do you look for if you suspect a UTI?
niutrates/keukocytes/blood
with a urine test, wat do you look for if you suspect kidney stones?
blood
with a urine test, wat do you look for if you suspect dehydration?
high Specific Gravity/ketones
with a urine test, wat do you look for if you suspect diabetes or kidney issues?
glucose/protein
what are the 4 key functions of electrolytes?
- control osmosis of water
- maintain acid-base balance
- carry electrical current
- serve as cofactors
WHat are causes of hyperkatraemia?
renal failure aldosterone deficiency crush injuries transfusion hemolysed lood
what are S&S of hyponatraemia ?
S&S:
- lethargy
- muscular weakness
- dizziness
- headache
- confusion
- seizures
- coma
- hypotension
- tachycardia
- shock
what is the normal range for sodium?
135-145
what are causes of hypernatraemia and some S&S?
- dehydration
- water deprivation
S&S:
- thirst
- hypertension
- oedema
what are S&S of hyperkalaemia?
- irritable
- GIT disturbances
- cardiac arrhythmia
- musical weakness
