Week 2 - Chapter 2 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What is self handicapping?
A
When people apparently self sabotage themselves
2
Q
Self handicapping can be done with _______ awareness and can be ______________ motivated
A
conscious; sub-consciously
3
Q
Self-handicapping only applies to __________ settings
A
achievment
4
Q
Some impediments are ____________ handicaps
A
self-reported
5
Q
Shyness is an _________ emotion
A
interpersonal
6
Q
_______ ______ is a constellation of negative emotional responses stimulated by interpersonal interaction
A
Social anxiety
7
Q
Social anxiety requires the presence of a ______ ______
A
social context
8
Q
_______ and ________ are NOT the same
A
shyness; introversion
9
Q
What are the 4 dimensions?
A
Affective, behavioural, physiological, and cognitive
10
Q
Dispositional is another word for _________
A
personality
11
Q
Low self-esteem is a vulnerable factor that makes one susceptible to experiencing _______
A
shyness
12
Q
Having inadequate social skills can contribute to _____ and ______ _______
A
shyness; social anxiety
13
Q
People with low self-esteem have unrealistically _____ and ______ expectations of others and themselves
A
high (themselves); harsh (others)
14
Q
__________ requires social comparison
A
Judgement
15
Q
What is “not good enough syndrome”?
A
Results/consequences from upward comparisons that are unrealistic, and inappropriate targets of social comparison
16
Q
Inadequacy results in:
A
the self-enhancement bias
17
Q
What is the self-enhancement bias?
A
The conceited puffing up of the self by putting others down - also known as the narcissism epidemic
18
Q
Not good enough syndrome has consequences that are _____, _____, and ______
A
toxic, adverse, negative
19
Q
Upper comparison can _________, but it can also _____ and ______
A
demoralize; energize and motivate
20
Q
Downward comparison can also boost __________
A
self-esteem
21
Q
What are common features between shyness and introversion?
A
Both can impact a person’s social behaviour. They cause people to not affiliate with other’s much, and be in the company of others.
Both result in the person being alone a lot
22
Q
What are the differences between shyness and introversion?
A
Their motivations and desires differ - the introvert for days on end is alone and working on their passions, and they are not motivated to be in the company of others.
Shy people are often alone, but they prefer to be in the company of others and they have a strong desire to affiliate with others
23
Q
The shy person is:
A
ambivalent (has mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone)
24
Q
What are factors that can cause or contribute to shyness?
A
Etiology, and the antecedent determinants
25
Explain the meta-cognitive theory
The dysfunctional allocation of attention. One is anxiously self-preoccupied and absorbed in their feeling of discomfort.
One can be anxiously self-preoccupied with: their thoughts, feelings, their physiology, and their verbal and nonverbal behaviour
26
What are the three points in which thinking is maladaptive in time?
Before social interaction, during a social interaction, and is distorted after a social interaction
27
Self _____ is what we know and believe about ourselves
concept
28
Teens who are identifying themselves as unique individuals with their own traits and abilities are developing ________
individualism
29
Students from which country feels the main purpose of language is to allow for self expression?
The United States/Canada
30
Why do people underestimate predictions in their activity goals?
They are not realistic, and they engage in the planning fallacy
31
How well do people predict their future emotions?
People are not good at predicting their future emotions
32
What are functions of our self-esteem fuel guage?
Motivating us to self-improvement, and alerting us to social rejection
33
Brett refuses to let anyone touch the barbecue when he is cooking steak because he believes he is the only one that can make the steak turn out perfectly. Brett is displaying the ______ ______ effect.
false uniqueness
34
When we see ourselves as being on stage for others to observe, we are demonstrating the ____ effect
spotlight
35
People are especially likely to experience the illusion of _____ when they are worried about being negatively evaluated by others
transparency
36
Our beliefs about the self that organize and guide our self-relevant information are our self-______
schemas
37
People who score _____ on self-monitoring are more concerned about what others think than people who score _____ on self-monitoring
high; low
38
Select all that apply - In which of the following activities is social comparison more likely? A) Individual wrestling, B) Caring for a dying spouse, C) Team volleyball, D) Individual finances
Individual wrestling, Team volleyball, and individual finances
39
What term describes the fact that how we imagine others see us is more important to our self-concept than how others actually see us?
The looking-glass self
40
Which region traditionally places more importance on collectivism than on individualism?
Asia
41
When attempting to predict your behaviour, who should you consult?
Your parent, your sibling, your roommate - anyone but yourself
42
Theorist Mark Leary describes self-esteem feelings as being like a fuel _____
gauge
43
Research suggests that people prefer to be part of a larger group in matters of _____ and this illustrates the ______ effect
opinion; false consensus
44
Evaluating an individual's abilities and opinions by comparing self to another is identified as social _________
comparison
45
Giving priority to the goals of a group rather than individual goals is an example of _________
collectivism
46
The planning ______ describes the common error of underestimating how long it will take a person to complete an anticipated task
fallacy
47
Young adults in China being labelled "The Me Generation" are demonstrating a cultural change with the growth of _________
individualism
48
What is the nature of self-esteem in an individualistic culture?
Self-esteem is more personal and less relational
49
What is the nature of self-esteem in a collectivistic culture?
Self-esteem is less personal and more relational
50
What does impact bias predict will happen to your excitement when your local hockey team wins the league championship?
It will eventually evaporate
51
The existence of differing implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object reflects the fact that people have a(n) ______ attitude system
dual
52
Cole sees himself as attractive, smart, and athletic. This indicates that Cole has what type of self-esteem?
High
53
Maria is in grade 2 and feels she does well in spelling. When Maria takes a spelling test she gets an A most every time. This is an example of having a positive ______ perception
self
54
Theorist Mark Leary describes self-esteem feelings as being like a fuel _____
gauge
55
Giving priority to the goals of a group rather than individual goals is an example of:
collectivism
56
Having an inflated sense of self is identified as:
narcissism
57
Narcissists tend to respond to social transgressions with which of the following: a) Acceptance, b) Anger, c) Aggression, d) Retaliation
Anger, aggression, retaliation
58
Who is the founding father of self-efficacy?
Albert Bandura
59
Self ___ prompts us to set challenging goals and to persist til achievement
efficacy
60
Dirk lost his wrestling match, and he blamed the loss on his opponent's dirty techniques. What is Dirk demonstrating?
The self-serving bias
61
How do we see ourselves when we use the self-serving bias?
More favourably
62
In research comparing people in general, most people see themselves as being what?
Better than average
63
Research suggests that people prefer to be part of a smaller group in matters of ____ and this illustrates the _____ effect
tase; false uniqueness
64
Investors in the early 2000s believed that the housing market could never collapse because of what?
Unrealistic optimism
65
Muriel has been diagnosed with narcissism. This diagnosis tells you Muriel has which of the following?
A) A strong compassion for others
B) A self-centred attitude
C) An inability to care for others
D) High self-esteem
A self-centred attitude, an inability to care for others, and high self-esteem
66
Alcoholics Anonymous has a slogan that "if three people say you have a tail, you should take a look." This constructive criticism is a method of using which of the following?
Defensive pessimism
67
Alicia loves fruitcakes and believes that her friends will too, even though none of her friends are actually fond of fruit cake. Alicia is displaying the _______ ______ effect
false consensus
68
When people consider their past selves, what do they tend to do?
They tend to devalue their past selves
69
Studies have shown self-______ bias helps to improve and increase self-esteem
serving
70
Protecting one's self image with behaviours that create an excuse for later failure describes what?
Self-handicapping
71
Protecting one's self image with behaviours that create an excuse for later failure describes what?
Self-handicapping
72
_______ ______ refers to our wanting to present a desired image to both others and ourselves
self-presentation
73
Self-presentation theory predicts that a person will feel ________ when we are motivated to impress others but have self-doubts
anxious
74
Chelsea studies for 3 hours for her first test and gets a 50 on it. Chelsea goes to tutoring and studies for 6 hours on the second test and gets a 40 on it. Chelsea feels like nothing she does is good enough and starts to give up. After failing her third and fourth test, Chelsea wonders why she should even try. Chelsea is demonstrating which of the following?
Learned helplessness
75
Brennen has entered middle school and is trying to figure out "Who am I?" Brennen is demonstrating the identification of his self-_______
concept
76
The concept of giving priority to individual goals rather than group goals is defined as:
individualism
77
Children raised in what country would be more apt to express themselves through personal writings, choices, and purchases?
Canada
78
When we overestimate future gains we are engaging in _______ ________
unrealistic optimism
79
The planning _____ describes the common error of underestimating how long it will take a person to complete an anticipated task
fallacy
80
In studies of predicting feelings, it appears that people have the greatest difficulty predicting which aspects of future emotions.
A) Consequences
B) Truth
C) Intensity
D) Duration
Intensity and duration
81
An illusion of _______ occurs when an individual is very upset about something (yet doesn't realize it) and believes that others can easily read their concealed feelings
transparency
82
Mental templates about how we organize our worlds are called:
schemas or self-schemas
83
Shania has entered middle school. She is making decisions on her own without consulting her parents. Shania is demonstrating:
individualism
84
Children in North America being given unique names is a modern change in society and an example of a growing change in what?
Individualism
85
Joe has been an athlete throughout his school years. Joe is entering university and has looked for peers with the same body build and athletic abilities. This behaviour is a result of Joe's self-_____
schema
86
According to the notion of dual attitudes, people possess both unconscious ______ attitudes and conscious _______ attitudes
implicit; explicit
87
When Carol confronts her partner, they react with anger, aggression, and retaliation. It is very possible Carol's partner has what?
Narcissism
88
Kate is sure her children will all graduate from university, earn six-figure incomes, and live a happy life. Kate is demonstrating unrealistic ________.
optimism
89
When we want to present a desired image to both an external and internal audience, what is occuring?
Impression management
90
A sense of hopelessness that is learned when a person perceives no control over repeated bad events is an example of ________ _______
learned helplnessness
91
What is the illusion of transparency?
The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others
92
What is the spotlight effect?
The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance than they really are
93
Social surroundings affect our self _________
awarenesss
94
Self-interest colours our _____ ________
social judgement
95
Self-concern motivates our ______ _________
social behaviour
96
Social relationships help define the ____
self
97
What are self-schemas?
The beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
98
Schemas are mental templates by which we organize our _______
worlds
99
Schemas powerfully affect how we _____, _______, and ______ other people and ourselves
perceive, remember, and evaluate
100
What are social comparisons?
When you are evaluating your abilities and opinions by comparing yourself to others
101
We use social comparisons as ________ by which we can ______ our performance and our beliefs
benchmarks; evaluate
102
Who developed the looking-glass self?
Sociologist Charles H. Cooley (1902)
103
What is the looking-glass self?
A concept that described how our use of how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves
104
What is individualism?
The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification.
105
What is meant by the term 'independent self'
Construing one's identity as an autonomous self, and as a unique individual with particular abilities, traits, values, and dreams
106
What is collectivism?
The idea of giving priority to the goals of one's groups and defining one's identity accordingly
107
What is meant by the term 'interdependent self'
Construing one's identity in relation to others
108
What is the planning fallacy?
The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task
109
The planning fallacy is one of the most common errors in _________ ________
behaviour prediction
110
What is impact bias?
Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events
111
What are dual attitudes?
Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object
112
What is self-esteem?
A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth
113
What is self-efficacy?
A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one's sense of self worth.
114
In everyday life, self-efficacy leads us to set _________ ____ and to _____
challenging goals; persist
115
What are self-serving attributions?
A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to yourself and negative outcomes to other factors
116
What is explanatory style?
A person's habitual way of explaining life events
117
What is defensive pessimism?
The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours
118
What is the false consensus effect?
The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours
119
What is the false uniqueness effect?
The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviours
120
What are temporal comparisons?
Comparisons between how the self is viewed now and how the self was viewed in the past or how the self is expected to be viewed in the future
121
What is self-handicapping? (textbook definition)
Protecting one's self image with behaviours that create a handy excuse for later failure
122
What is self-presentation?
The act of expressing yourself and behaving in ways designed to create a favourable impression or an impression that corresponds to your ideals
123
What is self-monitoring?
Being attuned to the way you present yourself in social situations and adjusting your performance to create the desired impression
124
What is the self-presentation theory?
A theory positing that we are eager to present ourselves in ways that make a good impression
