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PSYC 2360 - Introduction to Social Psychology > Week 4 - Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 - Chapter 4 Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 core themes that permeate the textbook?

A

Social thinking, social influence/impact, and social relatedness

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2
Q

Why are attitudes important (3 reasons)?

A
  1. Knowing attitudes improves understanding, 2. Knowing attitudes improve predicting, and 3. Knowing attitudes informs the creation of interventions designed to change social behaviours
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3
Q

What is the main interest of psychology?

A

Understanding why people do what they do

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4
Q

The knowledge of attitudes enable us to predict a person’s ________

A

behaviour

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5
Q

Theory + ________ = _______

A

research = knowledge

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6
Q

Changing attitudes should produce _________ _____

A

behavioural change

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7
Q

Attitude theory and research can inform ______ _____ attitude change campaigns

A

public health

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8
Q

What is an attitude?

A

An attitude is an evaluative feeling

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9
Q

An attitude is also known as an _______ _________

A

evaluative judgement

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10
Q

Feelings are _______, and they are tethered to something

A

targeted

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11
Q

Someone with a positive attitude towards premarital sex will:

A

Believe that premarital sex is normal and good, that everyone does it, and will have an awareness of factual information that is biased in favour of their positive attitude

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12
Q

Someone with a negative attitude toward premarital sex will:

A

Believe that it is not normal and that it is bad, is unlikely to believe that everyone does it, and believes that anyone who has done it is abnormal and bad, and will have an awareness of factual information that is biased in favour of their negative attitude

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13
Q

What was the original theory of reasoned action renamed as?

A

The Theory of Planned Behaviour

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14
Q

What are the three ‘determinants’ that play a role in someone’s behaviour?

A

Attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioural intention

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15
Q

Attitude leads to an _______, which mediates ________

A

intention; behaviour

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16
Q

Intention is known as a _________ ________

A

mediating mechanism

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17
Q

There is variability in _________

A

behaviour

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18
Q

A negative attitude can decrease the _______, and a positive one can strengthen it

A

intention

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19
Q

The _______ ____ is one’s personal perception and may not be accurate to what everyone else is doing

A

subjective norm

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20
Q

Intention mediates the relationship between what you either end up ________________

A

doing or not doing

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21
Q

__________ and ________ are filtered through intention

A

Subjective norms and attitudes

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22
Q

In the original theory of reasoned actions, factors that influence subjective norms and attitudes are _____ taken into consideration

A

NOT

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23
Q

What is the difference between the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

A

The addition of perceived behavioural control

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24
Q

Perceived behavioural control has a ______ ____ on behaviour

A

direct effect

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25
Perceived behavioural control can work independent of ______, although it doesn't always
intention
26
What is the goal of the theory of planned behaviour?
The goal of TPB is to predict an individual's likelihood of engaging in a particular behaviour
27
Intention is the main determinant but it is preceded by 3 factors: ________, __________, and ____________
attitude; subjective norms; perceived control
28
What is one's personal attitude?
Our attitude toward a particular behaviour
29
Personal attitudes can be both _______ and ________
positive; negative
30
What are subjective norms?
A person's view of the beliefs and attitudes of others
31
What was the idea of perceived behavioural control added onto?
It was added onto the idea of perceived self-efficacy proposed by Albert Bandura
32
Perceived behavioural control is the beliefs lf our ability to successfully perform the _________
behaviour
33
Perceived behavioural control is comprised of ______ and ________ enabling factors/forces
internal; external
34
Internal enablers breed _________
confidence
35
Internal disenablers breed ______
doubt
36
External enablers can either boost ________ or breed _____
confidence; doubt
37
What is intention said to do?
Intention is said to mediate the relationship of attitude on behaviour
38
________ works through intention
Attitude
39
The TPB has provided guidelines for all sorts of ______ ___________
health behaviours
40
The TPB is the interface of ______ psychology and ______ psychology
social; health
41
The TPB can be applied to ______, the ____________, and the ___________
education; criminal justice system; health system
42
Social roles are:
actions expected of us by others
43
The implicit ________ test measures implicit attitudes by comparing response times across different conditions
association
44
Favourable and unfavourable evaluative reactions toward something is a description of a person's _______
attitude
45
Where in the brain does automatic evaluation of social stimuli take place?
The amygdala
46
Andy is an excellent basketball player. His average number of shots made per game would be his principle of ____________
aggregation
47
Mark is at the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto. Mark is likely to be MOST confident about winning a carnival game _________ agreeing to play
after
48
Attitudes tend to predict behaviours when we _______ other influences on our attitude statements and behaviours
minimize
49
If a mirror is put in front of a classroom where students are taking a final exam, their own self-_______ will minimize cheating on the exam
awareness
50
People from ________ cultures only experience cognitive dissonance when making decisions for others
collectivistic
51
Vaneesha has felt much tension following the failure of her statistics class. She then decided the teacher did not explain the concepts appropriately. Vaneesha is displaying an example of ________ theory.
dissonance
52
Attitudes that will be good predictors of behaviour are: a) accessible b) unstable c) stable d) experienced
accessible, stable, experienced
53
Cody is at the funeral of his great-grandmother. He knows he is to be quiet and not run. This action is a/an ______
role
54
A study of students placed in a mock prison setting assigned the roles of guards or prisoners found the guards were prone to _______ behaviours
aggressive
55
Behavioural expectations for males and females reflect different __________ roles
gender
56
Maria volunteered to help develop online professional development courses for other instructors. This evolved into teaching these online course for two years on top of Maria's actual job duties. Maria has been caught in the ____-in-the-door phenomena.
foot
57
Dartonya wanted to buy a new car. The salesman and Dartonya had agreed on a price when the salesman started adding in features such as floor mats and bug deflector. This is an example of low-____ technique.
ball
58
Asking for a large request and then, after being turned down, asking for a smaller request, is an example of the _________________ technique
door-in-the-face
59
Ozzie is always kind to smaller children in his neighbourhood. Ozzie always has a group of smaller children following him around. This is a demonstration of how positive behaviour fosters __________
liking
60
According to self-__________ theory, we express attitudes that match our actions
presentation
61
Tension that arises when one is aware of two inconsistent cognitions at the same time is a description of _______ ____________
cognitive dissonance
62
The discrepancies between our behaviours and our attitudes is the basis of ___________ theory
dissonance
63
A reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behaviour with external justification is _________ justification
insufficient
64
Sam did a service learning project in his psychology class of mowing an elderly neighbour's lawn. After this experience, Sam's attitudes followed his behaviours because he then felt some _______.
responsibility
65
A century ago, William James identified we infer our emotions by observing our bodies and our _________
behaviours
66
The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing, so that they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing is a description of the ___________ effect.
overjustification
67
An aroused state of uncomfortable tension is identified as _________
dissonance
68
When people feel a self-image threat after an undesirable behaviour, they can compensate by affirming another aspect of themselves. This behaviour is a description of self-_________ theory.
affirmation
69
People from ____________ cultures only experience cognitive dissonance when making decisions for themselves
individualistic
70
Who first proposed self-perception theory?
Bem
71
The Implicit Association Test has demonstrated that about 80% of people show an implicit ______ towards the elderly
bias
72
According to Batson, moral ________ occurs when a person appears moral without actually being so
hypocrisy
73
Self-________ people are usually more in touch with their attitudes
conscious
74
Getting a person to agree to something more than their original agreement is called the _____-____ effect
low ball
75
According to self-perception theory, we sometimes pretend to appear __________
consistent
76
A reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behaviour with external justification is ________ __________
insufficient justification
77
Why do our behaviours and our expressed attitudes differ?
Because both are subject to other influences
78
Social psychologists typically measure _________ attitudes
expressed
79
What is the implicit association test? (IAT)
the IAT is a computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes that uses reaction times to measure people's automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words, where easier pairings are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations
80
Self-conscious people are usually __ ______ with their attitudes
in touch
81
When attitudes are forged by experience, and not just by hearsay, they are more ________, more ______, and more likely to ______ _________
accessible; enduring; guide actions
82
The word role is borrowed from _______ and refers to actions expected of those who occupy a particular _______ ___________
theatre; social position
83
What are behaviour expectations for males and females known as?
Gender roles
84
What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
85
What is the low-ball technique?
A tactic for getting people to agree with something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requesters up the ante
86
What is the door-in-the-face technique?
A strategy for gaining a concession after someone first turns down a larger request, the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request
87
What is the cognitive dissonance theory?
A theory that assumes that tension arises when we are simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions
88
What is insufficient justification?
The reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behaviour when external justification is 'insufficient'
89
Who proposed the self-perception theory?
Daryl Bem in 1972
90
What is the self-perception theory?
the theory that, when unsure of our attitude, we infer them much as would someone observing us- by looking at our behaviour and the circumstances under which it occurs.
91
What is the overjustification effect?
The overjustification effect is the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing. It occurs when someone offers an unnecessary reward beforehand in an obvious effort to control behaviour

PSYC 2360 - Introduction to Social Psychology (5 decks)

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