WEEK 2 COMPLETED SET

Question 1

what is the nervous system

Answer 1

a vast network of nerve pathways and structures that mediate all aspects of being human eg. motor, cognitive, sonrory, perceptual, emotional and behavioural activity

Question 2

what is a neuron

Answer 2

cell of the NS specialised for receiving and transmitting electrochemical signals

Question 3

anatomy of a neutron from top to bottomq

Answer 3

dendrites, cell body, nucleaus, axon hillock, axon, node of ranvier, myelin sheath, collateral branches and terminal buttons

Question 4

what is a gilial cell

Answer 4

important cells variety of shapes sizes and roles, play a supportive role to neurons, repair injury, clear up debris, prevent some substances from entering the brain, insulate neuron axons (mylein sheath)

Question 5

what is a resting potential

Answer 5

in its resting state the fluid environment outside the axon is more positively charged than the inside- electrical potential of -60mV

Question 6

what are graded potentials

Answer 6

electrical charges caused by neural signals arriving from the axons of other cells- can be inhibitory or excitatory

Question 7

excitatory potentials

Answer 7

membrane potential become more positive, closer to the threshold more likely to fire

Question 8

inhibitory potentials

Answer 8

membrane potentials become more negative and further away from threshold less likely to fire

Question 9

when will a cell fire

Answer 9

when potentials are added together at the axon hillock if the threshold of excitation of -55mV

Question 10

characteristics of action potentials

Answer 10

all or nothing, uniform in size, travel in one direction, takes1-2ms, can fire

Question 11

what is an absolute refractory period

Answer 11

brief period of time when another AP cannot occur

Question 12

processes involved in synaptic transmission

Answer 12

1. NTs are encased in vescicles in the axon terminals
2. when an AP is triggered in presynaptic neuron, NTs are released into the synaptic cleft
3. the NTs attach to receptors and produce a graded potential in the post synaptic neuron
4. the NT is inactivated (released from receptor) and taken back into the pre-synaptic cell (rey-take) or broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft or drift away

Question 13

excitatory NTs..

Answer 13

cause depolarisation (an excitatory GP), increasing probability of AP

Question 14

inhibitory NTs…

Answer 14

cause hyper polarisation reduces probability of an AP

Question 15

glutamate

Answer 15

the main excitatory transmitter in CNS involved in learning, memory and transfer of sensory input- alcohol and memory enhancers interact with some glutamates receptors

Question 16

gaba

Answer 16

the main inhibitory transmitter- dampens neural activity, involved in learning memory and sleep alcohol and anti-anxiety increase Gaba activity

Question 17

acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 17

involved in muscle contraction, cortical arousal, selective attention, sleep and memory, nicotine increases, botox blocks it

Question 18

noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Answer 18

involved in cortical arousal and autonomic NS, meth increases it

Question 19

dopamine

Answer 19

motor function, reward eg. food, sex, drugs, gambling, shizo= increased parkingsons= less

Question 20

serotonin

Answer 20

cortical arousal, mood, sleeping, eating- used to treat depression by increasing, MDMA increasing serotonin

Question 21

endorphins

Answer 21

involved in pain control, mood elevation, called endogenous opioids,

Question 22

anadamine

Answer 22

associated with pain, control, eating behaviour, motivation, memory and sleep- endogenous cannaboid

Question 23

agonist drugs

Answer 23

enhance the effect of a neurotransmitter either by amount released, or mimicking it and binding to receptors eg. morphine and prozac

Question 24

antagonists

Answer 24

inhibits the effect of a given neurotransmitter by either reducing the amount and release or by blocking receptors eg. antipsycotics block dopamine receptors

Question 25

peripheral NS

Answer 25

carries information to and from the CNS includes somatic and autonomic NS- sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Question 26

somatic NS

Answer 26

part of PNS- VOLUNTARY, transmits commends to skeletal muscles, conveys sensory info to CNS and sends motor msgs to muscles, receives information from muscles and skin

Question 27

Autonomic NS

Answer 27

part of PNS- serves basic life functions such as beating heart and response to stress, sends and recieves info to and from the glands and organs of a body

Question 28

CNS

Answer 28

directs psychological and basic life processes- responds to stimuli

Question 29

nervous system

Answer 29

provides the biological basis or psychological experience

Question 30

spinal cord

Answer 30

recieves sensory input, sends to brain, responds with motor output

Question 31

brain

Answer 31

directs psychological activity, processes info, maintains life supports

Question 32

parasympathetic NS

Answer 32

routine maintenance of energy resources (rest and digest) and decreasing arousal

Question 33

steps in detecting a threat

Answer 33

activation of sympathetic NS,

Question 34

steps in detecting a threat

Answer 34

1. activation of sympathetic NS- stimulates peripheral organ and muscular response increase breathing and heart rate- digestion and salivation inhibited, pupil dilates, bowel relax 2. response, threat is appropriately responded to flight vs fight or our perception chnages 3. activation of the parasympathetic branch, decreases the activation state of the peripheral organs musculature, restoring normal levels of function

Question 35

definition of the endocrine system

Answer 35

system of glands that control vital functions eg. growth, metabolism, cardiovascular, reproduction

Question 36

what are hormones

Answer 36

chemicals released by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream- bind to cell recepor sites in organs of the body, similar actions and roles as neurotransmitters in the CNS

Question 37

role of hypothalamus in the endocrine system

Answer 37

regulates both the ANS and endocrine system by activating the pituiarty gland

Question 38

role of pituitary in the endocrine system

Answer 38

releases hormones which have a direct effect or which activate glands further down the chain

Question 39

oxytocin

Answer 39

involved in birth contractions, milk production, maternal/romantic love, interpersonal trust

Question 40

what is the HPA axis

Answer 40

works in conjunction with sympathetic system to respond to stress hypothalamus, releasing factor, anterior pituitary, ACTH (through blood), adrenal cortex, cortisol

Question 41

adrenal glands function

Answer 41

release adrenaline and cortisol triggering flight or fight or maintaining it- when chronically activated by HPA axis, can cause big problems

Question 42

role of thyroid gland in the endocrine system

Answer 42

releases growth hormone, metabolises ones, hypothyroidism associated with fatigue and depreaaion

Question 43

role of pancreas in the endocrine system

Answer 43

controls blood sugar levels- produces insulin

Question 44

role of gonads in the endocrine system

Answer 44

releases sex hormones- oestrogen and testostrone