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CLINICAL SKILLS > WEEK 2 (concepts of medical hygiene) > Flashcards

WEEK 2 (concepts of medical hygiene) Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘Health’?

A

The state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

Define ‘Hygiene’

A

The science of preventing disease and promoting health

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3
Q

What is an “Infectious agent”?

A

Anything that may be transmitted from one person to another, or from the environment to a person and subsequently cause an infection or parasitic infestation

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4
Q

What are the five categories of infectious agents?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Helminths (worms)
  • Protozoa
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5
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes disease

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6
Q

How many microbial cells are there in a human body?

A

39 trillion

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7
Q

What are healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?

A

Infections people get while they’re receiving health care for another condition

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8
Q

What are the most common healthcare-associated infections?

A
  • Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
  • Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABI)
  • Surgical site infection (SSI)
  • Ventilator-associated events (VAE)
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9
Q

What are prevention methods to prevent healthcare associated infections?

A
  • Infection control procedures and policies
  • Correct and frequent hand hygiene
  • Keeping healthcare environment and equipment clean
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10
Q

What are the methods of infection control?

A
  • Hand hygiene
  • PPE
  • Prevention of needle stick injuries
  • Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
  • Environmental & Linen cleaning
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11
Q

What are ‘Universal precautions’?

A

An approach to infection control to treat all human blood and body fluids as if they contain blood borne pathogens (microorganisms found in human blood that can cause disease)

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12
Q

How are blood borne pathogens spread?

A
  • Direct contact
  • Indirect contact
  • Respiratory droplet transmission
  • Vector-borne transmission
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13
Q

What do universal precautions include?

A
  • Using disposable gloves
  • Hand hygiene
  • Changing gloves between patients and never reusing gloves
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14
Q

When are standard precautions used?

A

Standard precautions are used for all patient care

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15
Q

What are the 10 Standard Infection Control Precautions (SICP)?

A
  • Patient assessment for infection risk
  • Hand hygiene
  • Respiratory and cough hygiene
  • PPE
  • Safe management of equipment
  • Safe management of environment
  • Safe management of blood and body fluids
  • Safe management of linen
  • Safe disposal of waste (including sharps)
  • Occupational safety & exposure
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16
Q

What are contact transmission measures used for?

A

Diseases caused by epidemiologically important microorganisms that may be transmitted easily by contact with the patient’s skin or with contaminated environmental surfaces

Contact transmission can occur by Direct contact transmission or by Indirect contact transmission

17
Q

What is ‘Direct Contact Transmission’?

A

Involves body-surface to body-surface contact and physical transfer of microorganisms between a susceptible person (host) and an infected or colonised person

18
Q

What is ‘Indirect Contact Transmission’?

A

Involves contact of susceptible person (host) with a contaminated intermediate object

19
Q

Parenteral transmissions are taken to ________________ that are transmitted primarily by direct or indirect contact with fecal material. They’re indicated for patients with known or suspected infectious diarrhoea or gastroenteritis

A

prevent infections

20
Q

Which diseases require droplet precautions due to droplet transmissions?

A
  • Influenza (flu)
  • Pertussis (whooping cough)
  • Mumps
  • Respiratory illness
21
Q

What are some examples of airborne diseases?

A
  • Measles
  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
  • Varicella (Chickenpox)
  • Tuberculosis
22
Q

When does airborne transmission occur?

A

When bacteria or viruses travel in droplet nuclei that become aerosolised

23
Q

What are the symptoms of infection?

A
  • Temperature
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Pus
  • Feeling of general malaise
  • Gastrointestinal infection: abdominal pain, tenderness, diarrhoea & vomiting
  • Urinary tract infection: Frequency of micturition, confusion in the elderly, loin pain & abdominal discomfort
24
Q

What is the difference between Isolation and Quarantine?

A

Isolation separates sick people with a contagious disease from people who are not sick

Quarantine separates and restricts the movement of people who were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they become sick.
(these people may have been exposed to a disease and don’t know it or they may have the disease but don’t show symptoms)

25
Q

What is the term “Cohorting”?

A

The placement and care of individuals who are infected or colonised with the same microorganism in the same room

CLINICAL SKILLS (9 decks)

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