Week 2 - Depression and Anxiety Flashcards
(36 cards)
What do you observe in a mental state examination of a patient?
- Appearance
- Behaviour
- Speech
- Mood
- Thought
- Hallucinations
- Cognition
- Insight
What are the 5 types of depression?
- Atypical depression
- Seasonal affective disorder
- Adjustment disorder
- Bereavement
- Life stress
What are the main types of anxiety?
- Simple phobias
- PTSD
- Generalised anxiety disorder
- Panic disordser
- Health anxiety
- OCD
- Social anxiety disorder
What are 3 non-pharmacological ways of treating depression and anxiety?
- Electrical
- Magnetic
- Psychological treatment
What is involved in electroconvulsive therapy?
- Treatment resistant depression
- Deep brain stimulation
- Controlled seizure
- Vagal nerve stimulation
What things is the limbic system involved in?
- Emotions
- Reward driven activity
- Motivation
- Social behaviours
- Memory of environment and experience
What is the limbic system?
- Model of brain function
- Transitional position between subcortical nuclei and neo-cortex
- Different circuits connect functionally related components
What are the inputs to the hippocampus?
- Sensory information from cortex via entorhinal cortex
- Performant path to dentate gyrus
- Modulatory inputs from septal nuclei and brainstem nuclei influence overall function
What are the outputs from the hippocampus?
- Via subiculum and entorhinal cortex to neocortex
- Via fornix to septal region and mamillary bodies, hypothalamus, and median forebrain bundle
What are properties of working memory?
- Limited capacity
- Rapid decay
- Prefrontal cortex
- Visual and auditory versions of working memory
What are the roles of the hippocampus on episodic memory?
- Long-term potentiation = synaptic plasticity in hippocampus
- Long-lasting change in synaptic function
- Increase in AMPA receptors
- NMDA and Ca dependent
- Synapse specific
- Inputs from sensory cortices via entorhinal cortex
What is responsible for emotions and nwhat are its proeprties?
- Amygdala
- Multiple sub-nuclei
- sensory and limbic inputs
- Organise emotional responses to stimuli
What are the amygdala inputs?
Subcortical sources of sensory and visual information
What are the amygdala outputs?
Stria terminalis - hypothalamus, brainstem, BNST, accumbent
What is labelled?
Amygdala
What happens in fear conditioning?
Fearful faces activate amygdala
What arears of the brain are involved in the reward circuit?
- Midbrain dopaminergic neurons
- Ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens
- Median forebrain bundle
- Orbitofrontal and median frontal cortex
- Ventral striatum
- Amygdala
What are the 2 pleasure hotspots?
Nucleus accumbens
Orbitofrontal cortex
What happens in Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
- Bilateral temporal lobe resection where amygdala, hippocampus and other are removed
- No longer aggressive
- Indiscriminate sexual activity
- Cannot discriminate visually between edible and non-edible
What happens in Urbach-Wiethe disease?
- Normal IQ
- Recognise familiar faces and emotion
- Unable to recognise fear face
- No fear
- No deficit in other emotions
- Cannot learn fearful situations
What is the role of the cingulate cortex?
- Handling conflicting information
- Error monitioring
- Arousal
- Overactivity in OCD
What happens in brain in depression?
- Dysfunction of limbic-striatum-frontal cortex
- Amygdala = anxiety
- Hippocampus = memory deficits
- Reward circuits = anhedonia and motivation
- Frontal lobe = motivation, decision making
- Striatum = motor slowing
What is the role of the pre-frontal cortex?
- Inputs to and from key limbic structures
- Important in decisions about reward and appetite
- Motivation and behaviour regulation
- Disorders = psychiatric and personality disorders
What is the first factor involved in emotion processing?
Appraisal
Primary = evaluation of relevance of current istuation ot personal wellbeing
Secondary = evaluation of capacity to deal with situation
