Week 2: Growth & Development Flashcards
Newborns
What are the classifications by gestational age (4)?
Pre-term: <34 weeks
Late pre-term: 34-36 weeks
Term: 37-42 weeks
Post-term: >42 weeks
Newborns
What are the complications associated with preterm (3) and post-term babies (3)?
Pre-term/late preterm: respiratory, cardiovascular, neurodevelopment
Post-term: increased risk of perinatal mortality or morbidity related to asphyxia and meconium aspiration
Newborns
What are the classifications by birth weight (4)?
Extremely low birth weight <1000g
Very low birth weight <1500g
Low birth weight <2500g
Normal: >/=2500g
Newborns
What are the classifications by size for gestational age?
Small for gestational age (SGA): <10th percentile
Appropriate for gestational age (AGA): 10th-90th percentile
Large for gestational age (LGA): >90th percentile
Newborns
Causes and complications of:
small for gestational age
Which term is most likely to experience complications?
causes: unknown, but may be related to placental issues, known link to maternal smoking
complications: hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, asphyxia
Preterm SGA
Newborns
What are preterm AGA babies at risk for? (5)
Preterm AGA respiratory distress syndrome, apnea, patent ductus arteriosus, L to R shunt, infection)
Newborns
Causes and complications of:
large for gestational age
causes: Infants of mothers with diabetes, genetic syndromes, parents are large
Complications: hypoglycemia, difficult birth or birth injury
Newborn development
Use all 5 senses
Differences in temperaments, personalities, behavior and learning
Interact dynamically with caregivers
Newborns
Define: Habituation, attachment, state regulation, perception
Habituation: ability to selectively and progressively shut out negative stimuli
Attachment: a reciprocal, dynamic process of interacting and bonding with caregiver
State regulation: ability to modulate the level of arousal in response to different degrees of stimulation
Perception: ability to regard faces, turn to voices, quiet in presence of singing, track colorful objects, respond to touch, and recognize familiar scents
Infant: growth parameters
Growth parameters: by 1 year, birth weight should have tripled and height increased by 50% from weight and height from birth
Infant development: 3 months (3)
Infants should be able to lift their head (no “head-lag”), clasp hands, coo
Infant development: 6 months (5)
Infants should be able to roll over, reach for objects, turn to voices, babble, and possibly sit with support
Infant development: 9 months (3)
Infants should have a neat pincer grasp (self-feed), indicate wants; have usually developed “stranger danger”
Infant development: 12 months (2)
Infants should be able to stand, say 1-3 words
Early childhood: growth
grow 3.5 inches and gain 4 lbs on average per year; rate of physical growth slows by approximately half
Early childhood development
Almost all children walk by 15 months, run well by 2 years, and pedal a tricycle and jump by 4 years
18 month-old: 10-20 words; 2yo: 2-3 word sentences; 3yo: converses well; 4yo: complex sentences
Middle childhood: growth
grow steadily but more slowly
Strength and coordination improve dramatically with more participation in activities
Adolescent: growth
When does puberty begin and end in girls vs. boys?
puberty begins at 10 in girls and 11 in boys
Girls end puberty with a growth spurt by age 14 and boys by age 16
Age and onset of puberty varies but follows a typical set of stages
Cognitive stages: Preoperational
What ages?
Define (3 major concepts)
1-4
without sustained, logical thought process
Drive for independence
Impulsive and have poor self-regulation, temper tantrums
Cognitive stages: concrete operational
What ages?
Define (8 major concepts)
5-10
capable of limited logic and more complex learning
Remain rooted in present with little ability to understand consequences of abstractions
School, family and environment greatly influence learning
Major developmental task = self-efficacy
Language more complex
More independent
Guilt and self-esteem emerge
Clear sense of wrong/right
Cognitive stages: Concrete to formal operational thinking
What ages?
Define (3 major concepts)
11-20
ability to reason logically and abstractly and to consider future implications of current actions
Transition from family-dominated influence to increasing autonomy and peer influence
Struggle for identity, independence and intimacy leads to stress, health-related problems and often high-risk behaviors
How do you correct for prematurity?
Current age in weeks - (40-Baby’s actual birth in weeks)
What are the five domains of infant/child development?
Gross motor Fine motor Cognitive Communication Personal/social development
What are some causes of delay in development? (5)
hereditary/genetic disorders Environmental/social problems Pregnancy/perinatal problems Abnormality in embryonic development Childhood diseases
