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C&M Neuroanatomy > Week 2: Head and Neck 2: Face and Skull > Flashcards

Week 2: Head and Neck 2: Face and Skull Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • ophthalmic
  • mandibular
  • maxillary
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2
Q

What are the 3 groups of muscles in the head?

A
  • muscles of facial expression
  • muscles of mastication
  • extraocular muscles
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3
Q

What are the 6 muscles of facial expression?

A
  1. occipitofrontalis
  2. orbicularis oculi
  3. buccinator
  4. orbicularis oris
  5. dilators of the mouth
  6. platysma
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4
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

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5
Q

What is the action of occipitofrontalis?

A
  • pulls the scalp anteriorly
  • wrinkles the forehead
  • elevates the eyebrows
  • posterior part pulls scalp posteriorly
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6
Q

What is the function of orbicularis oculi?

A

closes the eyelids

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7
Q

What is the action of orbicularis oris?

A

sphincter of the mouth

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8
Q

What is the function of the dilators of the mouth?

A

control the aperture of mouth

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9
Q

What is the function of the buccinator muscles?

A
  • keep the cheek taut
  • resists distension when whistling, sucking and blowing
  • to pull back the angle of the mouth and to flatten the cheek area, which aids in holding the cheek to the teeth during chewing
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10
Q

What is the action of platysma muscle?

A

tenses the skin of the inferior face and neck

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11
Q

What are the sensory functions of the facial nerve?

A

provides innervation to the external auditory meatus, the tympanic membrane and pinner of the ear.
Also provides taste sensation to the anterior 2/3rds of tongue

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12
Q

what is the tympanic membrane?

A
  • a.k.a eardrum

- separates outer ear from middle ear

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13
Q

Which two muscles act as dilators of the eyelid?

A
  1. iris dilator muscle

2. pupillary dilator muscle

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14
Q

Paralysis of the orbicularis oculi can lead to what complications?

A
  • failure of eyelid closure
  • ectropion of the lower eye lid (sags outward)
  • lead to corneal injury due to lack of protection, dryness
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15
Q

What is the function of the buccinator muscle in neonates?

A

suckling

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16
Q

Which salivary glands are the largest?

A

the parotid glands

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17
Q

Where is the parotid gland?

A

it occupies the interval between the mastoid process (origin of SCM) posteriorly, and the ramus of the mandible (covered by the masseter muscle), which it overlaps anteriorly

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18
Q

Where does the parotid duct penetrate the buccinator muscle?

A

opposite crown of the 2nd upper molar tooth

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19
Q

How do secretions from the parotid gland reach the mouth?

A

the parotid duct carries secretions - it travels over the masseter muscle to pierce the buccinator muscle and open (drain) into the mouth

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20
Q

What is the name of the duct that drains saliva from the parotid gland into the oral cavity, at area of upper cheeks?

A

stensen’s duct

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21
Q

where does the facial nerve divide into its 5 terminal branches?

A

in the parotid gland

the nerve lies superficially within the gland so is vulnerable to damage

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22
Q

What are the five branches of the facial nerve (CN VII)?

A
  1. temporal branch
  2. zygomatic branch
  3. buccal branch
  4. marginal mandibular branch
  5. cervical branch
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23
Q

What structures lie within the substance of the parotid gland?

A
  • facial nerve
  • the retromandibular vein
  • external carotid artery
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24
Q

What is the retromandibular vein formed from?

A

the union of the superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein

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25
Q

what are the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery called?

A

maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery

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26
Q

What are the 7 anterior branches of the external carotid artery?

(Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students)

A
  1. superior thyroid artery
  2. ascending pharyngeal artery
  3. lingual artery
  4. facial artery
  5. occipital artery
  6. posterior auricular artery
  7. superficial temporal artery
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27
Q

The middle meningeal artery is a branch from which artery?

A

maxillary

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28
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery supply?

A

the dura mater and calvaria

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29
Q

Which bones converge at the pterion?

A

temporal
parietal
frontal
sphenoid

30
Q

What type of intracranial bleeding might result from a fracture at the pterion?

A

extradural haematoma

31
Q

What are the 4 pulses we can palpate in the face and which artery is being palpated in each case?

A
  1. Temporal pulse - superficial temporal artery
  2. Temporal pulse - anterior branch of superficial temporal artery
  3. Carotid pulse - common carotid
  4. Facial pulse - facial artery
32
Q

Where do we palpate the facial pulse?

A

angle of mandible - aligns with corner of mouth

33
Q

Where to we palpate temporal pulse?

A

either:
- area anterior to ear
- lateral to eyebrow at level of upper eyelid

34
Q

Where do we palpate carotid pulse?

A

lateral to upper border of thyroid and medial to anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

35
Q

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

innervates tongue musculature

36
Q

explain the course of the hypoglossal nerve

A
  • loops around internal and external carotid arteries

- runs toward tongue

37
Q

What are the orbits?

A
  • eye sockets

- bilateral bone cavities in the facial skeleton, formed by 7 bones of the skull

38
Q

What 4 foramina are located in the orbits?

A
  • optic canal
  • superior orbital fissure
  • infra orbital groove
  • infra orbital foramen
39
Q

What are the 7 extraocular muscles?

A
  • superior rectus muscle
  • inferior rectus muscle
  • medial rectus muscle
  • lateral rectus muscle
  • superior oblique muscle
  • inferior oblique muscle
  • levator palpebrae superioris
40
Q

what is the function of the superior rectus muscle and which cranial nerve is it innervated by?

A
  • elevates the eyeball

- supplied by CN III (Oculomotor nerve)

41
Q

what is the function of the inferior rectus muscle and which cranial nerve is it innervated by?

A
  • depresses the eyeball

- supplied by CN III (oculomotor)

42
Q

what is the function of the medial rectus muscle and which cranial nerve is it innervated by?

A
  • adducts the eyeball (looks towards nose)

- supplied by CN III (oculomotor)

43
Q

what is the function of the lateral rectus muscle and which cranial nerve is it innervated by?

A
  • abducts the eyeball (looks laterally)

- supplied by CN VI (abducens nerve)

44
Q

what is the function of the superior oblique muscle and which cranial nerve is it innervated by?

A
  • inverts (medially rotates) the eyeball

- supplied by CN IV (trochlear nerve)

45
Q

what is the function of the inferior oblique muscle and which cranial nerve is it supplied by?

A
  • everts (laterally rotates) the eyeball

- supplied by CN III (oculomotor)

46
Q

what is the function of the levator palebrae superioris and which cranial nerve is it innervated by?

A
  • muscle that lifts the eyelids

- supplied by CN III (oculomotor)

47
Q

What is diplopia?

A

double vision - when you look at 1 object but see 2 images

48
Q

Explain how you would examine the cranial nerves involved in eye movements

A
  • oculomotor: ask patient to look medially. check that upper lid is fully retracted on upward gaze
  • abducens: ask patient to look laterally
  • trochlear: ask patient to look medially then look downwards
49
Q

What is ptosis?

A
  • drooping or falling of the upper eyelid

- results from malfunction of levator palpebrae superioris

50
Q

What is horners syndrome?

A

characterised by miosis (constriction of pupil - resulting in decreased pupil size), ptosis and anhidrosis (absence of sweating of the face)

51
Q

Why does mild ptosis occur in Horner’s syndrome?

A

damage to oculomotor nerve which innervates levator palpebrae superioris

52
Q

What are the 3 intraocular muscles?

A

-sphincter pupillae
-dilator pupillae
-ciliary muscle
these muscles are WITHIN the eye

53
Q

Which intraocular muscles are supplied by the oculomotor nerve?

A

ciliary and sphincter pupillae muscles

54
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscles?

A

changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on a near object

55
Q

What is the function of the dilator pupillae muscle?

A

Dilate the pupil when available light decreases

56
Q

What is the function of the sphincter pupillae muscle?

A

Constricts the pupil in bright light

57
Q

Where is the temporomandibular joint?

A

the joint is formed by the articulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condylar process of the mandible

58
Q

What is the function of the temporomandibular joint?

A

gliding, rotation, flexion (elevation) and extension (depression) of the mandible

59
Q

Why is dislocation of the TMJ rare?

A

the articular tubercle acts with the ligaments to prevent dislocation

60
Q

What is protrusion?

A

for the mouth to open the condylar process glides anteriorly to lie directly beneath the articular tubercle

61
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A
  1. temporalis
  2. masseter
  3. lateral pterygoid
  4. medial pterygoid
62
Q

Where does the temporalis muscle originate and insert?

A

Origin: temporal fossa of the skull
Insertion: coronoid process of the mandible

63
Q

Where does the masseter muscle originate and insert?

A

Origin: zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Insertion: lateral aspect of the ramus and angle of the mandible

64
Q

Where does the lateral pterygoid originate and insert?

A

Origin: lateral aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Insertion: condyloid process of the mandible

65
Q

Where does the medial pterygoid originate and insert?

A

Origin: medial aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate
Insertion: medial aspect of the angle of mandible

66
Q

How can the mandible move laterally?

A

due to contractions of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

67
Q

What are the muscles of mastication supplied by?

A

the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

68
Q

Which muscles are involved in protrustion of mandible?

A

lateral pterygoid assisted by medial pterygoid

69
Q

Which muscles are involved in retraction of mandible?

A

temporalis, masseter, geniohyoid and digastric

70
Q

Which muscles are involved in elevation of mandible?

A

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid

71
Q

Which muscles are involved in depression of mandible?

A

gravity, digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles

C&M Neuroanatomy (44 decks)

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