Week 2: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior

Question 1

The study of origins. It has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological and social dimensions.

Answer 1

Etiology

Question 2

Etiology is the study of origins. It has to do with why a disorder begins and includes __________, ___________, and _______ dimensions.

Answer 2

Biological, psychological and social

Question 3

Often important to the study of psychological disorders. When administered with successful results, provides hints about the nature of a disorder and its causes.

Answer 3

Treatment

Question 4

TRUE or FALSE: CAUSATION, TREATMENT AND ETIOLOGY OUTCOMES
Psychopathology is simple. This is because the effect implies the cause.

Answer 4

FALSE, Psychopathology is rarely simple. The effect does not necessarily imply the cause.

Question 5

HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS of ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Deviant behavior is considered a reflection of the battle between good and evil.

Answer 5

Supernatural Tradition

Question 6

TRUE or FALSE: HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS of ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
During the Great Persian Empire in 900-600 B.C, all physical and mental disorders were considered the work of the devil.

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

DEMONS AND WITCHES
During this period of time [provide the general century date], religious leaders and regular people believed in demons and witches.

Answer 7

Late 1300s

Question 8

DEMONS AND WITCHES
The splitting of the Catholic Church in the Late 1300s meant there was a pope in Rome and a pope in _______ ______ that challenged his authority.

Answer 8

Southern France

Question 9

DEMONS AND WITCHES
People turned to _____ and ______ to solve their problems.

Answer 9

Magic and sorcery

Question 10

DEMONS AND WITCHES
A treatment for psychological disorders in which various religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits.

Answer 10

Exorcism

Question 11

DEMONS AND WITCHES
A surgical procedure involving the creation of a hole in the skull, traditionally done by scraping, sawing, or drilling.

Answer 11

Trephination

Question 12

DEMONS AND WITCHES
One of the oldest documented surgical techniques. Used in ancient times for various reasons, including: relieving pressure, managing head injuries and addressing mental health concerns.

Answer 12

Trephination

Question 13

STRESS AND MELANCHOLY
During the Late 1300s, it was considered that insanity was a _________ __________ caused by mental or emotional stress, and that it was curable.

Answer 13

Natural Phenomenon

Question 14

TRUE or FALSE: STRESS AND MELANCHOLY
During the Late 1300s, it was considered that insanity was a natural phenomenon caused by mental or emotional stress.

It was considered incurable.

Answer 14

FALSE, it was considered curable.

Question 15

STRESS AND MELANCHOLY
While mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses, symptoms of despair and lethargy were often identified by the church with the ____ __ ________ or simply called _______.

Answer 15

Sin of Acedia, or Sloth

Question 16

STRESS AND MELANCHOLY
Refers to a person’s inability or unwillingness to engage in meaningful activities, leading to feelings of indifference, boredom and neglect of responsibilities, especially in spiritual or moral areas of life.

Answer 16

Sin of Acedia, or Sloth

Question 17

STRESS AND MELANCHOLY
Which among the following was not a common treatment for stress and melancholy?

A. Potions
B. Baths and Ointments
C. Rituals
D. Rest

Answer 17

C. Rituals

Question 18

TRUE or FALSE: TREATMENTS FOR POSSESSION
With a perceived connection between evil deeds and sin on one hand and psychological disorders on the other, it was logical to conclude at the time that the sufferer is largely responsible for the disorder.

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

TRUE or FALSE: TREATMENTS FOR POSSESSION
In Western societies, many believed that AIDS was divine punishment for the immoral behavior of the people who had contracted it.

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

TRUE or FALSE: TREATMENTS FOR POSSESSION
Exorcisms were known to be relatively painful.

Answer 20

FALSE, exorcisms had the virtue of being relatively painless. An example of which is Faith Healing

Question 21

TRUE or FALSE: TREATMENTS FOR POSSESSION
Possession could be seen as involuntary, therefore the possessed individual could be seen as blameless.

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

TREATMENTS FOR POSSESSION
People were subjected to confinements, beating, and other forms of torture when an exorcism failed, because authorities thought it was a necessary step to make the body ___________ __ ______ ________.

Answer 22

Uninhabitable by Evil Spirits

Question 22

TREATMENTS FOR POSSESSION
People were hung over a pit full of ________ _______ to scare the evil spirits away.

Answer 22

Poisonous Snakes

Question 23

A phenomenon characterized by large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior.

Answer 23

Mass Hysteria

Question 24

**MASS HYSTERIA** During the ______ ____, the large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior lent support to the notion of possession by the devil.

Answer 24

Middle Ages

Question 25

**MASS HYSTERIA** An outbreak that occurred in Medieval Europe wherein people began to dance uncontrollably in streets to the point of collapsing from exhaustion.

Answer 25

Saint Vitus' Dance

Question 26

A phenomenon where fear and panic spread so deeply that people actually begin to experience physical symptoms.

Answer 26

Mass Hysteria

Question 27

**MASS HYSTERIA** Individuals who had suffered from the outbreak of Saint Vitus' Dance might have suffered from a mix of mass hysteria, stress, and a neurological illness such as _________'_ _______.

Answer 27

Sydenham's Chorea

Question 28

**MASS HYSTERIA** A Christian martyr believed by people in Medieval Europe to have cursed them into dancing uncontrollably in the streets.

Answer 28

Saint Vitus

Question 29

**MASS HYSTERIA** Saint Vitus' Dance was an outbreak that occurred in _________ ________ wherein people began to dance uncontrollably in streets to the point of collapsing from exhaustion.

Answer 29

Medieval Europe

Question 30

**MASS HYSTERIA** Farther south, the locals of Italy believed they had to dance wildly to sweat out the venom from a tarantula spider bite in a phenomenon called ________.

Answer 30

Tarantism

Question 31

**MODERN MASS HYSTERIA** A phenomenon in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us.

Answer 31

Phenomenon of Emotion Contagion

Question 32

**MASS HYSTERIA** Farther south, in ______, people believed they had to dance wildly to sweat out the venom from a tarantula spider bite in a phenomenon called Tarantism.

Answer 32

Italy

Question 33

**TRUE or FALSE: MODERN MASS HYSTERIA** People tend to be suggestible in **neutral states of emotion**.

Answer 33

**FALSE**, people are suggestible in **states of high emotion**.

Question 34

**MODERN MASS HYSTERIA** If one person identifies a "cause" of the problem, others will probably assume that their own reactions have the same source. This shared response is sometimes referred to as ____ _________.

Answer 34

Mob Psychology

Question 35

**THE MOON AND THE STARS** A Swiss physician [1493-1541] who rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the **movements of the moon and stars** had profound effects on people's psychological functioning.

Answer 35

Paracelsus

Question 36

**THE MOON AND THE STARS** Paracelsus speculated that the gravitational effects of the moon on ________ ______ might be a possible cause of mental disorders.

Answer 36

Bodily Fluids

Question 37

**THE MOON AND THE STARS** Paracelsus was a _______ physician who lived from 1493 to 1541.

Answer 37

Swiss

Question 38

**THE MOON AND THE STARS** Paracelsus' theory inspired the word ______, derived from a Latin word meaning *moon*.

Answer 38

Lunatic

Question 39

**HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS of ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR** The tradition pertaining to the physical causes of mental disorders.

Answer 39

Biological Tradition

Question 40

The Father of Modern Western Medicine

Answer 40

Hippocrates

Question 41

**HIPPOCRATES** A body of work written between 450 and 350 B.C that suggested psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease.

Answer 41

Hippocratic Corpus

Question 42

**HIPPOCRATES** Hippocrates was a _____ physician who lived from 460-377 B.C.

Answer 42

Greek

Question 43

**TRUE or FALSE: HIPPOCRATES** Hippocrates and his associates **limited** their search for the causes of psychopathology to the general area of "disease".

Answer 43

**FALSE**

Question 44

**HIPPOCRATES** Hippocrates and his associates believed that psychological disorders might be caused by ______ _________ or _____ _______.

Answer 44

Brain Pathology or Head Trauma

Question 45

**TRUE or FALSE: HIPPOCRATES** As believed by Hippocrates, psychological disorders **could be influenced** by heredity *(genetics)*.

Answer 45

**TRUE**

Question 46

**HIPPOCRATES** The seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence and emotion according to the Greek physician.

Answer 46

The Brain

Question 47

Between ***Hippocrates and Galen***, who was the one who understood the importance of **psychological and intrapersonal contributions** to psychopathology -- removing patients from their families due to the sometimes negative effects of family stress?

Answer 47

Hippocrates

Question 48

A Roman physician that later adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates, developing them further and creating a powerful school of thought within the biological tradition that extended well into the 19th century.

Answer 48

Galen

Question 49

**GALEN** The __________ ______ __ _______ was one of the more influential legacies of the **Hippocratic-Galenic Approach**.

Answer 49

Humoral Theory of Disorders

Question 50

A theory by Hippocrates that states that normal brain functioning is related to **four bodily fluids** or **humors**.

Answer 50

Humoral Theory

Question 51

The first example in history of associating psychological disorders with a "chemical imbalance", an approach that is now widespread today.

Answer 51

Humoral Theory

Question 52

**TRUE or FALSE: HUMORAL THEORY** Disease resulted from **too much** or **too little** of one of the humors.

Answer 52

**TRUE**

Question 53

**ENUMERATION: HUMORAL THEORY** The four humors, namely: Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic and Phlegmatic, were related to the Greeks' conception of the **four basic qualities** which are...?

Answer 53

Heat Dryness Moisture Cold

Question 54

**HUMORAL THEORY** A bodily fluid or humor that comes from **the heart**.

Answer 54

Blood

Question 55

**HUMORAL THEORY** A bodily fluid or humor that comes from **the liver**.

Answer 55

Yellow Bile

Question 56

**HUMORAL THEORY** A bodily fluid or humor that comes from **the spleen**.

Answer 56

Black Bile

Question 57

**HUMORAL THEORY** A bodily fluid or humor that comes from **the brain**.

Answer 57

Phlegm

Question 58

**HUMORAL THEORY** The **temperament** of Blood.

Answer 58

Sanguine

Question 59

**HUMORAL THEORY** The **temperament** of Black Bile.

Answer 59

Melancholic

Question 60

**HUMORAL THEORY** The **temperament** of Phlegm.

Answer 60

Phlegmatic

Question 61

**HUMORAL THEORY** The **temperament** of Yellow Bile.

Answer 61

Choleric

Question 62

**HUMORAL THEORY** A humor that describes someone who is ruddy in complexion and therefore **cheerful and optimistic**.

Answer 62

Blood

Question 63

**HUMORAL THEORY** A humor that means **depressive**. Thought to have caused depression by flooding the brain.

Answer 63

Black Bile

Question 64

**HUMORAL THEORY** Excessive blood in the brain was thought to have caused _______ and ________.

Answer 64

Insomnia and Delirium

Question 65

**HUMORAL THEORY** A humor that indicates **apathy and sluggishness**; also meaning being calm under stress.

Answer 65

Phlegm

Question 66

**HUMORAL THEORY** A humor that is related to being **hot tempered**.

Answer 66

Yellow Bile

Question 66

**HUMORAL THEORY** What are the **two qualities** of Blood? *[Choices:* ***the Four Basic Qualities*** *]*

Answer 66

Hot and Moist

Question 67

**HUMORAL THEORY** What are the **two qualities** of Yellow Bile? *[Choices:* ***the Four Basic Qualities*** *]*

Answer 67

Hot and Dry

Question 68

**HUMORAL THEORY** What are the **two qualities** of Black Bile? *[Choices:* ***the Four Basic Qualities*** *]*

Answer 68

Cold and Dry

Question 69

**HUMORAL THEORY** What are the **two qualities** of Phlegm? *[Choices:* ***the Four Basic Qualities*** *]*

Answer 69

Cold and Moist

Question 70

**HUMORAL THEORY** Treatment of the humors involved _______ ____ _______, such as increasing or decreasing heat, dryness, moisture or cold depending on which humor was out of balance.

Answer 70

Regulating the Environment

Question 71

**HUMORAL THEORY** A treatment wherein a carefully measured amount of blood was removed from the body, often with leeches.

Answer 71

Bleeding or Bloodletting

Question 72

**HUMORAL THEORY** A treatment wherein Robert Burton recommended patients to eat tobacco and half-boiled cabbage.

Answer 72

Vomiting

Question 73

**HUMORAL THEORY** A similar theory to the humors that focuses on the **movement of air or "wind"** throughout the body; this theory was developed in _____.

Answer 73

China

Question 74

**HUMORAL THEORY** Blockages of wind or the presence of cold, dark wind **(yin)** was thought to be the cause of unexplained _______ ________.

Answer 74

Mental Disorders

Question 75

**HUMORAL THEORY** Warm, life-sustaining wind that opposes the cold, dark wind.

Answer 75

Yang

Question 76

**HUMORAL THEORY** A treatment for the blockage of wind or presence of cold, dark wind involved restoring the proper flow, such as ____________.

Answer 76

Acupuncture

Question 77

A category of disorders wherein physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which **no physical cause can be found**. Examples include paralysis and some kinds of blindness.

Answer 77

Somatic Symptom Disorders

Question 78

As Hippocrates and the Egyptians falsely concluded that Somatic Symptom Disorders were restricted to women, they therefore presumed that the cause was of an **empty uterus** wandering various parts of the body in search for conception. Hippocrates' term for this concept is called _______, from a Greek word that means "uterus".

Answer 78

Hysteria

Question 79

**HYSTERIA** The presumed cure for hysteria was either _______ or __________ of ____ _______.

Answer 79

Marriage or Fumigation of the Vagina

Question 79

**ENUMERATION** The biological tradition was reinvigorated in the 19th century because of **two factors**, which are...?

Answer 79

Syphilis and John P. Grey

Question 80

**19th CENTURY** A sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, causing **delusions of persecution and grandeur**.

Answer 80

Syphilis

Question 81

**SYPHILIS** The designated disease for syphilis was ______ _______ because it had consistent symptoms and a consistent course that resulted in death.

Answer 81

General Paresis

Question 82

**19th CENTURY** The **champion of the biological tradition** in the United States, and was considered the most influential American psychiatrist of the time.

Answer 82

John P. Grey

Question 83

**TRUE or FALSE: SYPHILIS** Untreated or severe forms of syphilis can result in death.

Answer 83

**TRUE**

Question 84

**19th CENTURY** Believed that the causes of insanity were ***always*** physical, and that mentally ill patients should be treated as physically ill.

Answer 84

John P. Grey

Question 85

**19th CENTURY** Invented the rotary fan.

Answer 85

John P. Grey

Question 86

**TRUE or FALSE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS** The effects of new drugs and biological treatments were often found **through rigorous testing**.

Answer 86

**FALSE**, they were found **by accident**.

Question 87

**THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS** ________ was given to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients who were not eating, additionally seeming to calm them down.

Answer 87

Insulin

Question 88

**THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS** A Viennese physician that increased the dosages of insulin in patients until finally it resulted in patients convulsing and temporary comatose.

Answer 88

Manfred Sekel

Question 89

**THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS** Developed by Manfred Sekel, ________ ________ ________ involves administering high doses of insulin in patients until it results in convulsion or a temporary comatose state.

Answer 89

Insulin Shock Therapy

Question 90

**TRUE or FALSE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS** **John P. Grey** discovered that an electric shock to the head produced brief convulsion and memory loss with otherwise little harm to the individual.

Answer 90

**FALSE**, it was **Benjamin Franklin**

Question 91

**THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS** A substance derived from **poppies** that was used as sedatives alongside countless herbs and folk remedies.

Answer 91

Opium

Question 92

**THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS** Hallucinatory and delusional thought processes diminished in some patients, and their agitation and aggressiveness began to be controlled due to the discovery of _________ __________ and a class of drugs called _________.

Answer 92

Rauwolfia Serpentine and Neuroleptics

Question 93

**THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS** ______________ or minor tranquilizers were discovered to have anxiety-reducing effects on a patient.

Answer 93

Benzodiazepines

Question 94

A philosopher under the **Psychological Tradition** that believed that the two causes of maladaptive behavior were the **social and cultural influences** in one's life and the learning that took place in that environment.

Answer 94

Plato

Question 95

**PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION** Plato believed that the best treatment for maladaptive behavior was reeducation through ________ _______ so that the power of reason would dominate.

Answer 95

Rational Discussion

Question 96

**PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION** Emphasized the influence of social environment and early learning on later psychopathology.

Answer 96

Aristotle

Question 97

**PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION** A philosopher that believed in **psychosocial treatment**.

Answer 97

Plato

Question 98

During the first half of the 19th century, a strong psychosocial approach to mental disorders called ________ _______ became influential.

Answer 98

Moral Therapy

Question 99

**MORAL THERAPY** The "moral" in moral therapy refers more to _________ or _____________ ________ rather than to a code of conduct.

Answer 99

Emotional or Psychological Factors

Question 100

**MORAL THERAPY** The proponents of Moral Therapy are....?

Answer 100

Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussein

Question 101

**ASYLUM REFORM AND THE DECLINE OF MORAL THERAPY** In your own words, what were the factors that contributed to the decline of humane treatment after the mid-19th century?

Answer 101

*Guiding Answers* - Moral Therapy worked best for 200 or fewer, allowing for great individual attention. - Waves of immigrants came to the United States after the Civil War, bringing their own populations of mentally ill individuals.

Question 102

**ASYLUM REFORM AND THE DECLINE OF MORAL THERAPY** __________ ____ campaigned for reform in the treatment for insanity, becoming the second reason for the decline of moral therapy.

Answer 102

Dorothea Dix

Question 103

**ASYLUM REFORM AND THE DECLINE OF MORAL THERAPY** The work of Dorothea Dix became known as the _______ ________ ____________.

Answer 103

Mental Hygiene Movement