Week 2 Lecture

Question 1

bone in greek is…

Answer 1

osto!

Question 2

what are the 3 basic components of connective tissue?

Answer 2

1. specialized cells
2. extracellular protein fibers
3. ground substance (fluid)

Question 3

what 2 components make up the matrix?

Answer 3

extracellular protein fibers and ground substance (fluid)

Question 4

what are the main functions of connective tissue

Answer 4

structural framework of the body
transports fluids
stores energy
protects organs
surrounds supports and connects other tissues
defends the body from microorganisms

Question 5

what are the three types of connective tissue?

Answer 5

connective tic cue proper
fluid connective tissue
supporting connective tissue

Question 6

what are fixed cells

Answer 6

stationary cells involved with local maintenance repair and energy storage

Question 7

what are wandering cells

Answer 7

repair and defend damaged tissues

Question 8

what are the three types of loose connective tissue?

Answer 8

areolar tissue
adipose tissue
reticular tissue

Question 9

what is the function of dense regular connective tissue, and where is it located?

Answer 9

provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles
located between skeletal muscles and skeletal and between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs

Question 10

what is the function of irregular connective tissue? where is it located?

Answer 10

provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions
located in capsules of visceral organs, nerve and muscle sheaths

Question 11

what are supportive connective tissue functions?

Answer 11

support
smooth sliding surfaces
resists compressive forces
model for future bones
intervertebral cushioning

Question 12

what are the steps of appositional growth?

Answer 12

1. cells in perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts
2. chondroblasts secrete new matrix
3. new matrix enlarges & chondroblasts differentiate into chondrocytes

Question 13

interstitial growth

Answer 13

1. chondrocytes divide in a lacuna surrounded by matrix
2. daughter cells secrete matrix. cells move apart creating cartilage from within

Question 14

what are the three types of cartilage

Answer 14

hyaline
elastic
fibrous

Question 15

what is the function of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 15

tough and flexible (weakest)
reduces friction between bony surfaces

Question 16

where is hyaline cartilage located?

Answer 16

between tips of ribs and bones of sternum supporting the larynx, trachea, bronchi

Question 17

what are some histological facts about hyaline cartilage?

Answer 17

hard to see collagen fibers because they are tightly packed
the matrix is translucent

Question 18

what is the function of elastic cartilage?

Answer 18

provides support, tolerates distortion and returns to original shape

Question 19

where is elastic cartilage located?

Answer 19

auditory canal
epiglottis
larynx

Question 20

what are some histological facts about elastic cartilage?

Answer 20

cells are closely packed together and visible between the chondrocytes
elastic fibers in matrix, chondrocytes in lacunae

Question 21

what is the function of fibrous cartilage?

Answer 21

resists compression
prevents bone to bone compact
absorbs shocks

Question 22

where is fibrous cartilage located?

Answer 22

pads within knee joint (menisci)
between the pubic bones of the pelvis
intervertebral discs

Question 23

what are some histological facts about fibrous cartilage?

Answer 23

chondrocytes are relatively dense
collagen fibers!

Question 24

what are the function of the bones?

Answer 24

structural support
storage of minerals
hematopoeisis
protection
leverage

Question 25

what are 4 types of bone cells?

Answer 25

osteocytes osteoblast osteoprogenitor cells osteoclast

Question 26

function of osteocytes

Answer 26

maintain the protein and mineral content of the matrix responsible for the deposition of calcium into the surrounding matrix

Question 27

where are osteocytes located

Answer 27

sit in depressions called lacunae

Question 28

function of osteoblasts

Answer 28

secrete organic components of the matrix responsible for osteogenesis - the production of new bone

Question 29

where are osteoblasts located?

Answer 29

found in the inner or outer surfaces of bones

Question 30

what is the function of osteoprogenitor cells?

Answer 30

heavily involved in repair of bones after a fracture - stem cell that divides to produce osteoblasts

Question 31

where are osteoprogenitor cells located?

Answer 31

found in the innermost layer of the periosteum

Question 32

what is the function of an osteoclast?

Answer 32

secrete acids which dissolve bone matrix and release calcium into the blood (this process is called osteolysis

Question 33

where are osteoclasts located?

Answer 33

located on the bone surface in lacunae

Question 34

what are the two types of osseous Tissue?

Answer 34

compact bone and spongy (trabecular/cancellous) bone

Question 35

what are characteristics of compact bone?

Answer 35

- dense and solid - consists of osteons

Question 36

what are characteristics of spongy (trabecular/cancellous) bone?

Answer 36

open network of plates, lightweight surrounds the medullary cavity arranged in parallel struts, forms trabeculae

Question 37

what is an osteon?

Answer 37

a functional unit of bone

Question 38

what is the function of the periosteum?

Answer 38

surrounds the bone and protects and communicates with other systems

Question 39

what does the endosteum do?

Answer 39

lines the medullary cavity

Question 40

describe the diaphysis

Answer 40

shaft or middle of the bone transfers stress from the hip to the knee

Question 41

describe the epiphysis

Answer 41

ends of the bone, filled with spongy bone

Question 42

what is the metaphysis

Answer 42

the neck of the bone just before the epiphysis

Question 43

what are osteons parallel to?

Answer 43

the longitudinal axis of the body

Question 44

what is ossification

Answer 44

process of replacing other tissue with bone

Question 45

what is osteogenesis?

Answer 45

bone formation

Question 46

what is calcification?

Answer 46

deposition of calcium ions into the bone tissue

Question 47

what are the steps of intramembranous ossification? (4 steps)

Answer 47

1. differentiation of mesenchymal cells to osteoblasts 2. differentiation to osteocytes & formation of spicules 3. entrapment of blood vessels 4. formation of spongy bone

Question 48

what are the steps of Endochondral Ossification? (4 steps)

Answer 48

1. chondrocytes enlarge 2. blood vessels grow around cartilage 3. blood supply to periosteum increases 4. shaft fills with spongy bone

Question 49

what is the difference between appositional growth and longitudinal growth?

Answer 49

appositional growth adds to the thickness of a tissue, while longitudinal growth adds to its length.

Question 50

what factors regulate bone growth?

Answer 50

1. nutrition 2. hormones 3. exercise