Week 4 Lecture

Question 1

what are the important functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

transport
stabilization of body temp
prevention of the loss of body fluids via clotting
stabilization of pH and electrolyte balance

Question 2

what two examples of fluid connective tissue are relevant to the cardiovascular system?

Answer 2

Blood and lymph

Question 3

What happens when someone has hypovolemic, Normovolemic, or Hypervolemic blood categorization?

Answer 3

hypovolemic - low blood volume
normovolemic - normal blood volumes
hypervolemic - excessive blood volumes

Question 4

what are the main functions of the blood

Answer 4

transport oxygen and nutrients, remove waste products, regulate body temperature, maintain fluid balance, provide immunity, and facilitate clotting.

Question 5

what is phlebotomy?

Answer 5

method of blood collection

Question 6

what is the makeup of blood?

Answer 6

55% plasma
42% RBCs
<1% WBCs

Question 7

what is the makeup of plasma?

Answer 7

92% water
7% plasma proteins (albumins, globulins etc.)
<1% other solutes

Question 8

what are the main cellular components of blood?

Answer 8

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Question 9

Why does the surface of blood need surface antigens?

Answer 9

to determine an individual’s blood type

Question 10

what is an antigen?

Answer 10

a foreign molecule that triggers an immune response when recognized by the immune system. The immune response helps to neutralize the antigen and protect the body from harm.

Question 11

which blood type is the universal donor?

Answer 11

blood type O

Question 12

which blood type is the universal recipient

Answer 12

blood type AB

Question 13

what blood type can a type A donor give and receive?

Answer 13

donate: A, AB
receive: A, O

Question 14

what blood type can a type B donor give and receive?

Answer 14

donate: B, AB
receive: B, O

Question 15

what blood type can a type AB donor give and receive?

Answer 15

Donate: AB
receive: AB, O

Question 16

what blood type can a type O donor give and receive?

Answer 16

Donate: all
Receive: O

Question 17

how much blood does the heart pump per minute?

Answer 17

2.9 gallons

Question 18

where is the heart located?

Answer 18

near the anterior chest wall and directly posterior to the sternum in the pericardial cavity

Question 19

what are the two layers of the pericardium?

Answer 19

visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium

Question 20

What are the three layers of the heart wall? (starting from superficial to deep)
What layer is thickest?

Answer 20

1. epicardium
2. myocardium (thickest)
3. endocardium

Question 21

What junctions connect muscle tissue and facilitate the synchronous contraction of the heart?

Answer 21

intercalated discs

Question 22

what are desmosomes

Answer 22

connects the plasma membrane of two cardiac muscle cells

Question 23

what is the end of an actin filament called?

Answer 23

fascia adherence

Question 24

where is the heart located?

Answer 24

behind the sternum and slightly to the left. held in the pericardium

Question 25

what is the pointy part at the bottom of the heart called?

Answer 25

the apex

Question 26

what are the 3 sulci of the heart?

Answer 26

intertribal groove coronary sulcus anterior/posterior interventricular suclus

Question 27

what are the two main blood vessels on the heart?

Answer 27

right coronary artery and left coronary artery

Question 28

what are the main branches of the right coronary artery?

Answer 28

atrial branches right marginal branch posterior interventricular branch conducting system branches

Question 29

what are the main branches of the right coronary artery?

Answer 29

circumflex branch anterior interventricular branch

Question 30

what are the 4 main cardiac veins?

Answer 30

great cardiac veins middle cardiac vein small cardiac vein posterior vein of the left ventricle anterior cardiac veins

Question 31

what 2 structures facilitate the opening and closing of the valves in the heart and prevent backflow of blood?

Answer 31

chordae tendineae papillary muscle

Question 32

which ventricle is more powerful and by how much?

Answer 32

left ventricle is 6-7x more

Question 33

why is this ventricle more powerful?

Answer 33

because it is responsible for pumping the

Question 34

what are the steps of the cardiac cycle

Answer 34

1. atrial systole begins 2. atrial diastole begins 3. ventricular systole 1st phase 4. ventricular systole 2nd phase 5. ventricular diastole

Question 35

what are the layers of blood vessels

Answer 35

tunica adventitia (connective tissue) tunica media (smooth muscle and elastic tissue) tunica intima (endothelium)

Question 36

what are two types of capillaries

Answer 36

continuous capillary fenestrated capillary

Question 37

what is the role of valves in the venous system?

Answer 37

prevent back-flow of blood and maintaining the proper direction of blood