WEEK 2: Organelles Pt 1

Question 1

What are Somatic Cells?

Answer 1

All the cells in the body besides the cells that are going to become Egg & SpermWhy

Question 2

Why does transcription take place?

Answer 2

DNA never leaves the nucleus so we need to create a transcription, mRNA, to leave the nucleus

Question 3

Where is DNA stored?

Answer 3

Nucleus

Question 4

Cytoplasm

Answer 4

cellular contents btw plasma mem & nucleus

Question 5

Cell membrane

Answer 5

• semi permeable
• phospholipid bilayer

Question 6

Control center of the cell

Answer 6

nucleus

Question 7

Nuclear envelope

Answer 7

• porous double membrane
• separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

Question 8

Nucleolus

Answer 8

dense collection of RNA and proteins in the nucleus (the yolk)

Question 9

Where is the site of ribosome production

Answer 9

Nucleolus

Question 10

Where is chromatin located?

Answer 10

Nucleus

Question 11

What is chromatin?

Answer 11

• Fibers of DNA (the code)and proteins
• stores information for synthesis of proteins
  EX. histone proteins, hinge proteins

Question 12

What is “THE CODE” for synthesis of all the proteins in the cell (ex. enzymes, peptides etc)

Answer 12

DNA

Question 13

DNA is only organized in ______ when the cell is going through ______. Majority of the time DNA is stored as______

Answer 13

Chromosomes; mitosis (cell cycle)

Chromatin

Question 14

What is located outside of the nucleus waiting to get synthesized?

Answer 14

Ribosomes

Question 15

What is attached to the nuclear membrane?

Answer 15

ER - endoplasmic reticulum

Question 16

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 16

network of tubular and flat vesicular structures
- simular to nuclear membrane
- space inside tubercle = endoplasmic matrix

Question 17

Rough ER

Answer 17

• studded with ribosomes
• newly synthesized proteins are extruded into the ER matrix

Question 18

Where do newly synthesized proteins go?

Answer 18

into ER matrix

Question 19

Which proteins are processed inside the matrix

Answer 19

• crosslinked
• folded
• glycocylated (N-Linked)
• cleaved

Question 20

Smooth ER functions

Answer 20

1) breakdown glycogen to glucose
2) calcium storage
3) lipid synthesis: phosphate and cholesterol
4) drug detoxification

Question 21

Lipid synthesis

Answer 21

• describes the process that converts nutrient-derived carbons into fatty acids

Question 22

What is the process called when breaking glycogen down to glucose

Answer 22

Glycogenolysis

Question 23

At what state do we want to take glucose an store it as glycogen?

Answer 23

Fence state 0-4 hours (absorptive state)

Question 24

What do we do to glucose when we make glycogen

Answer 24

snap together glucose molecules to compactly store into liver or muscle or kidney

Question 25

Glycogenesis Stages & when does it occur

Answer 25

- When you're eating "Fed STATE" - indicating HIGH blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) 1. turn glucose ---> glucose 6 phosphate - Use ATP for the phosphate then turns into ADP (attach to 6) 2. phosphoglucose - move phosphate from 6 to 1 3. Uridine triphosphate - taking p from 1st carbon, uridine and 1 phosphate THEN turning UTP --> PPi and creating "Uridine Triphosphate" 4. Snap Uridine triphosphate together to create glycogen - use enzyme glycogen synthase paired with glucose molecule, pull off UDP which facilitates the linking of the molecules @ C 4 & 1 REPEAT

Question 26

Type of C bonding for glycogenesis

Answer 26

(1,4) & (1,6)

Question 27

What enzyme is used to break down C 1,4 bond and 1,6 bond

Answer 27

amylase

Question 28

2 main organs used in glycogenesis

Answer 28

Liver & muscles Liver can store 100 g of glycogen muscles can store 300-400g of glycogen

Question 29

What is a Nucleotide and its importance?

Answer 29

Basic building block of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA important component of DNA Nucleic Acid - large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses

Question 30

What can nucleotides (building blocks) turn into?

Answer 30

- Amino Acids - Proteins

Question 31

Nucleotide Uracil

Answer 31

One of the 4 nucleotide bases in RNA

Question 32

4 nucleotide bases in RNA

Answer 32

Uracil (U) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

Question 33

2 types of nucleic acid?

Answer 33

DNA & RNA

Question 34

Any protein that needs to be excreted but the cell

Answer 34

Ribosome but the Rough ER

Question 35

Function of Smooth ER =

Answer 35

- Lipid synthesis - production of a phospholipid

Question 36

Where does all lipid synthesis take place?

Answer 36

Syllacalic side of the smooth ER