WEEK 4: Energy Metabolism

Question 1

What is stuck in the nucleus that makes it negative?

Answer 1

anions

Question 2

How is Free Energy represented

Answer 2

G

Question 3

What effect does a catalyzed-enzyme have on a reaction pathway?

Answer 3

lowers activation energy for catalyzed reaction

Question 4

Where and when is glycolysis happening?

Answer 4

cytoplasm and only when we need ATP

Question 5

What type of enzymes are in ATP

Answer 5

Kinase

Question 6

What are the 2 reactant of glycolysis?

Answer 6

Glucose + AMP, ADP –> Pyruvate + ATP

Question 7

the process that allows the body to form glucose from non-hexose precursors

particularly glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, propionate, and glucogenic amino acids

Answer 7

Gluconeogenesis

Question 8

What does plasma glucose read?

Question 9

What and where does the body store excess glucose?

Answer 9

glycogen in the liver

Question 10

What does excess glucose that doesn’t stay in the liver turn into?

Answer 10

Adipose; triglyceride

Question 11

What gets released when glucose levels goes above 100?

Answer 11

insulin

Question 12

What cells are dependent on glucose

Answer 12

Neurons

Question 13

What gets released when glucose plasma levels drop below 75

Answer 13

Glucagon

Question 14

What process does Glucagon trigger

Answer 14

Glycogenolysis & Gluconeogenesis

Question 15

What is a Glucagon?

Answer 15

a glucoregulatory peptide hormone that counteracts the actions of insulin by stimulating hepatic glucose production and thereby increases blood glucose levels

Question 16

What happen to excess ATP

Answer 16

Dephosforilation

Question 17

Phosfilitation

Answer 17

Kinases

Question 18

Dephosforolation

Question 19

What 3 steps are unidirectional and can be regulated?

Answer 19

step 1/ step 3/ step 10

Question 20

What enzyme synthesis glucose?

Answer 20

hexo-kinase & gluco-kinase

Question 21

Skeletal muscle stores what enzyme?

Answer 21

Hexo-kinase takes it to G-6-P

Question 22

What does G-6-P inhibit?

Answer 22

inhibits hexo-kinase

Question 23

Mammalian. What is it and how many stages?

Answer 23

3 stages

Question 24

Stages of Mammalian

Answer 24

stage 1: occurs outside the animal in the digestive tract

stage 2: occurs in the cytoplasm, without the use of oxygen as an oxidizing agent (ANAEROBIC) CO2 not produced = lots of energy but limited ATP

stage 3: aerobic metabolism, occurring in separate cellular compartment

Question 25

G-6-P stays where if it is not getting utilized?

Answer 25

cytoplasm

Question 26

The more glucose you liberate...

Answer 26

....the more insulin produced

Question 27

What do proteins, carbs (polysaccharides) and fats get broken into

Answer 27

Amino Acids

Question 28

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 29

Acetyl CoA

Question 30

Where do the 3 stages of Mammalian take place?

Answer 30

stage 1: extracellular (GI tract) stage 2: Cytoplasm stage 3: mitochondria

Question 31

ATP Synthease

Question 32

Cellular representation

Answer 32

stage 1 - digestion stage 2 - glycolysis stage 3 - Kreb's Cycle/ETC

Question 34

What inhibits and stimulates hexokinase

Question 35

2 types of enzymes that can phosphorylate glucose

Answer 35

Hexokinase - skeletal muscle Glucoskinase - liver

Question 36

glycogenilysois

Question 37

gluconegenocisis

Question 38

Glucose Phosphorylation enzymes for hexcokinase? steps

Answer 38

Glucose + Hexokinase (muscle tissue) --> G-6-P ---> Glycogen OR CO2 + Lactate

Question 39

When do we phosphorylate glucose

Answer 39

ONLY when we need glucose

Question 40

Glucose Phosphorylation enzymes for Glucokinase? steps

Answer 40

Glucose + Glucoskinase --> G-6-P --> Glycogen OR --> Fat --> "Metabolic signal"

Question 41

Glucokinase is only active in the liver at what plasma glucose level? High or Low

Answer 41

high extra cellular/plasma glucose present

Question 42

What is the reason for activating glucokinase phosphorylation?

Answer 42

critical. lowering of blood glucose in periods between eating

Question 43

What inhibits hexokinase?

Answer 43

G-6-P bc there is enough present and the body doesn't need any more hexokinase

Question 44

During Glycoloysis What is reconverted

Answer 44

2 ADP --> 2 ATP NAD + --> 2 NADH

Question 45

10 steps of catalyzed reactions during glycolysis

Question 46

How does NAD turn back into NADH?

Question 47

pyruvate gets converted into -- what for glycolysis to continue producing NAD+

Answer 47

Lactate

Question 48

Pyruvate is discarded from the cell TRUE or FALSE

Answer 48

FALSE. Note that the pyruvate is not discarded from the cell but is first converted to lactate. This allow the regeneration of NAD for the continuation of glycolysis.

Question 49

Pyruvate --> lactate what is produced

Answer 49

NAD+

Question 50

Biological Oxidation

Answer 50

the combination of oxidation-reduction transformations of substances in living organisms

Question 51

ETC - what transfers electrons for ETC

Answer 51

NAD NADH+

Question 52

What other precursors can add acetyl group to CoA besides pyruvate?

Answer 52

Fatty Acids

Question 53

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 54

What are the different pathways that FA-CoA can use to

Question 55

During Glycolysis excess ATP inhibits what enzyme?

Answer 55

PFK

Question 56

During Glycolysis excess ATP inhibits what enzyme?

Answer 56

FDPase