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Fundamentals of body function Year 1 > Week 22 > Flashcards

Week 22 Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

How does a hemocrine/ endocrine hormone work?

A

Hormone is released from a vesicle, travels via blood then binds to receptor on cell target

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2
Q

How does an autocrine hormone work?

A

Hormone that regulates the cell that releases it (eg. glucagon)

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3
Q

How does a Paracrine hormone work?

A

Cells screte hormone to bind to cell nearby (insulin on glucagon producing cells)

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4
Q

How does a solinocrine hormone work?

A

Hormone is secreted into the lumen

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5
Q

How does a bound hormone work?

A

An insoluble hormone must bind to travel via blood

Resevoir of hormome kept to avoid fluctuations, plus extended half life

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6
Q

Describe peptide hormones

A

Acts in seconds to minutes
Stored in secretory vesicles
Binds to receptors on cell membrane causing a cascade

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7
Q

Give some examples of peptide hormones

A

insulin
oxytocin
parathyroid

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8
Q

Describe steroid hormones

A

Hours to days
Modified cholesterol
No storage
Regulates gene transcription
Receptor inside the cell

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9
Q

Give some examples of steroid hormones

A

cortisol
testosterone
oestrogen

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10
Q

Describe small amino acid hormones

A

Based on tyrosine
Specialized storage and secretory systme
Receptor is always nuclear

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11
Q

What are the five mechanisms to control the release of hormones?

A
  1. feedback
  2. tropic hormones (thyroid)
  3. Neuronal (adrenaline)
  4. Circadian
  5. Pulsatile
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12
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

\hormones that stimulate the release of another hormone from other endocrine glands

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13
Q

Describe what is meant by the neuronal control of hormones?

A

The functional equivalent of post ganglionic neurone

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14
Q

Give an example of a hormone being neuronally controlled

A
  1. Ach enters pre ganglionic neurone of symp NS
  2. Nicotinic Ach receptors in peripheralnerves
    3.Chromatin releases epinephrine to target organ
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15
Q

Explain the Hypothalamus Pituitary axis

A

-it coordinates nervous and endocrine systems
1. hypothalamus detects change (stress, hunger)
2. It releases hormones to the pituitary gland
3. Pituitary gland releases tropic hormones in the blood stream (eg LH, FSH)
4. These target endocrine glands (eg. ovaries then make oestrogen)

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16
Q

Describe the positive feedback that oxytocin can cause for labour

A
  1. hypothalamus makes hormones to send to pituitary
  2. Posterior pituitary makes oxytocin
  3. Oxytocin causes contractions
  4. so uiterine stretch receptors detect this
  5. Spino-hypothalamic tract sends signal to amplify oxytocin signal
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17
Q

What are the posterior pituitary hormones?

A

Arginine vasopressin (AVP)
ADH

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18
Q

Describe the structure of the thyroid gland

A

Follicular structure
Viscous fluid stored in the colloid stains pink
Pinky red blood vessels also present

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19
Q

How is the thyroid hormone synthesised?

A
  1. Follicular cell makes enzymes and thyroglobulin for colloid
  2. Iodine is then cotransported into the cell then colloid with Na+
  3. enzymes and iodine added to thyroglobulinto make T3 and T4
  4. Thyroglobulin is taken back into the cell
  5. intracellular enzymes spearate T3 and T4 from protein
  6. free t3 and t4 enter circulation
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20
Q

What’s the difference between T3 and T4?

A

T3 has a much shorter half life, so T4 is used sort of as a storage pool

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21
Q

How is the thyroid hormone regulated?

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases Thyrotropin Releasing hormone (TRH)
  2. TRH goes to anterior pituitary
  3. Pituituary releases Thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH)
  4. TSH to thyroid gland
  5. Thyrpid then makes T3 and T4
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22
Q

What is the impact of Sympathetic or cold on tropic hormones?

A

More T3 and T4 are made to warm up

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23
Q

What is the impact of growth hormones or cortisol on tropic hormones?

A

Increased TSH
causes stimulation of thyroglobulin

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24
Q

What does the thyroid hormone stimulate?

A

Iodine uptake
Protein synthesis
reuptake of colloidal thyroglobulin

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25
What do unstimulated follicles look like compared to stimulated ones?
unstimulated= cuboidal, filled with colloid stimulated= columnar, collapsed follicles
26
What are the physiological effects of the thyroid hromone on the heart?
Beta 1 adrenergic receptors in cardiac cells are more responsice to adrenaline
27
What are the physiological effects of the thyroid hromone on growth?
Essential in childhood but unclear mechanisms development of CNS
28
What does basal metabolic rate mean?
Rate at which body uses energy to maintain vital functions
29
What does hyperthyroidism do to your basal metabolic rate?
increased basal metabolic rate
30
What does hypothyroidism do to your basal metabolic rate?
decreased basal metabolic rate
31
what does having a increased basal metabolic rate mean?
Increased oxidative metabolism more heatproduced, more oxygen consumed, more food needed. more Na+/K+ pump activity
32
How does thyroid hormone effect target cells?
1.T3 and T4 enter cell 2. All becomes T3 3. T3 enters nucleus, binds to thyroid hormone receptor (THR) 4. THR binds to promoter region 5. gene transcription
33
What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Increased force and rate of heart weight loss nervous, irritable, sleepless fatigue heat intolerance, sweating
34
What is the name of the disease that causes the thyroid to stimulate immunoglobin binding to thyroid follicular cell
Grave's disease (stimulates T3 and T4 synthesis)
35
What are some treatments for hyperthyroidism?
Anti thyroid drug Remove section of thyroid Radioactive iodine
36
What is hypothyroidism caused by?
Autoimmune destruction of thyroid cells
37
What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?
Iodine TH
38
WHat are some symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Weight gain decreased appetite cold intolerance mentally sluggish, fatigue decreased cardo speed and power
39
What is increase in cell size called?
Hypertrophy
40
What is increase in cell number called?
Hyperplasisa
41
What is the acute/direct impact of growth hormone?
Metabolic (IGF1)
42
What is the long term impact of growth hormone?
Growth promotion
43
What stimulates growth hormone production?
growth hormone releasing hormone (gHRH) exercise, sleep
44
What inhibits growth hormone production?
Somatostatin increased blood glucoe obesity aging
45
WHen is most GH released?
During sleep Pulsatile and diurnal
46
What are the acute affects of GH?
Decreased lipogenesis increases protein synthesis decreased protein breakdown decreased glucose uptake or oxidation increases gluconeogenesis
47
Describe the feedback control of GH secretion
GH stimulates liver production of IGF1 IGF1 inhibits GRH and makes somatostatin in hypothal IGF1 directly inhibits GH secretion in pituitary
48
What is the consequence of excess GH during childhood? eg. from a pituitary tumour
Giantism GH has effect on epiphyseal growth plates beofre they close
49
What is the consequence of excess GH post childhood? eg. from a pituitary tumour
Acromegaly results in soft tissue swelling and insulin resistance
50
What could cause a GH deficit?
Pituitary malformation or tumour Receptor mutation so not GH sensitive
51
WHat is the result of GH deficit?
In children= dwarfism delayed physical development
52
What are the pros and cons of giving old people GH supplements?
Pro; increase in muscle and bone density Con; cancer risk and complications
53
Which part of the adrenal gland is the cortex vs medulla?
Medulla=middle cortex= circumference
54
What are the three main parts of the cortex of the adrenal gland?
Glomerulosa Fasciculata Reticularis
55
What kind of hormone is produced by the Glomerulosa of the cortex?
mineralocorticoid
56
What kind of hormone is produced by the Fasciculata of the cortex?
glucocorticoid
57
What kind of hormone is produced by the Reticularis of the cortex?
androgens
58
Give an example of a mineralocorticoid How does it work?
eg. aldosterone regulates Na+ and K+ in ECF, but secretion relies on electrolyte and water balance
59
Give an example of a glucocorticoid What are they like?
eg. cortisol Tropic hormones form hypothalamus, circadian release. increases GNG and lypolysis, decreased insulin and cardiac/muscular strenght. Some anti inflammatory properties
60
How would acute or long term stress cause cortisol to be released?
1. Hypothalamus releases Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) 2. This goes to anterior pituitary 3. causing adrenal cortex to release cortisol
61
How is the mineralocorticoid output form the adrenal cortex controlled?
- renin angiotensis aldosterone system causes H2O reabsorb -Hi K+ = adrenal cortex releases aldosterone -Adrenocorticotropic hormone
62
What is hypercoticism called and what are the symptoms?
Cushing's upper body obesity
63
What are chromaffin cells?
In the adrenal medulla, catacholamine (adrenaline, noradrenaline) storage granules
64
What factors regulate the responsiveness of the target cell to the catecholamines?
Hormone binding properties (affinity) Receptor conc Receptor signalling (GPCR, 2nd messengers)
65
Describe what it would be like if the adrenal medulla was hyperfucntioning
pheochromocytomas= tumours arising from chromaffin cells they seceretes large quantities of catecholamines
66
What are the functions of calcium in the human body?
essential mineral component in bones and teeth 2nd messenger/ regulatory ion muscle contraction Coagulation hormones cell adhesion
67
Where is calcium located in the body?
99% is inorganic calcium in bone the rest is intracellular (in the ER) and ECF
68
The calcium that's in intracellular, how much is active vs bound?
50% biologically active (ionised Ca2+) 5% Complexed Ca2+ 45% protein bound
69
How does calcium act as a 2nd messenger/ regulatory ion?
1. Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ enters cytoplasm 2. interaction between calcium binding proteins or calcium sensitive kinases 3. Biological response (NT release, contraction, secretion)
70
In day to day life, where do we gain, loose and exchange calcium from?
Gain= diet Loose= faeces and urine exchange= bone
71
What are the three main hormones controlling calcium homeostasis?
-Parathyroid hormone -calcitonin -active vitamin D
72
What kind of hormone is parathyroid hormone (PH)? What is it like?
Peptide hormone Released when circulating calcium falls Produced from the parathyroid gland
73
Describe the Parathyroid gland
Located on the reverse of the thyroid gland packed tightly with the chief cells. Associated with minute to minute fine regulation
74
What does PH do to the bones to increase circulating calcium?
Fast/ short term calcium is released from bone fluid in the labile pool, through membrane bound pump activated by cAMP
75
What does PH do to the kidney to increase circulating calcium?
Slower/ longer term Bone dissolution via maturation of osteoclasts
76
What are the three other names for active vitamin D?
Calcitriol 1,25 DHCC 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
77
When is active Vitamin D produced? and How?
In response to falling calcium Produced from cholesterol or got from diet
78
What happens when cholesterol is present when UV light hits your skin?
CHolecalciferol (vit D3) is made Sent to the liver PTH regulates final step in kidney Becomes active vit D
79
What enzyme in the kidney helps vit D become active?
renal 1 alpha hydroxylase
80
What are the biological actions of vitamin D?
Longer term regulation of Ca2+ Increases absorptionfrom intestine thus protects bone
81
What is calcitonin and where does it come from?
An emergency (peptide) hormone that reduces calcium levels in the blood Thyroid= c cells located between follicles produce calcitonin
82
How does vit D help absorption of Ca2+ from intestine?
1. vit D enters epithelial cells 2.gene transcription 3. protein synthesis 4. More calcium channels etc
83
Which hormone prevents excessive damage to the skeleton during pregnancy?
Calcitonin
84
What is a vitamin D deficiency called in children?
Ricketts
85
What is a vitamin D deficiency called in adults?
Osteomalacia
86
What causes vitamin D deficiency?
Poor diet Lack of sunlight renal 1 alpha hydroxylase deficiency
87
What is the difference between primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism?
1= PTH gland secretes too much eg. adenomas of the chief cells 2= most common, kidney failure. ecxess PTH made
88
How does hypoparathyroidism happen? What are the effects?
Accidental removal of PTH gland during thyroid surgery increased threshold of excitability so increase neuromuscular excitability Causes parathesia and tetany

Fundamentals of body function Year 1 (10 decks)

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