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Fundamentals of body function Year 1 > Week 23 > Flashcards

Week 23 Flashcards

1
Q

What is it about the Y chromosome that determines maleness?

A

SRY gene, or ‘testis determining factor’

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2
Q

At how many weeks old does a foetus’ undifferentiated gonad turn into either ovaries or testis?

A

8 weeks

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3
Q

What is the precursor of all sex hormones?

A

Cholesterol

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4
Q

What is the progression of cholesterol to oestrogen?

A

Cholesterol
Progesterone
Testosterone
Oestrogen

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5
Q

What are the three tissue layer of the uterus called?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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6
Q

Describe the myometrium

A

Middle layer of uterine tissue
Strongest muscle in the female body as it has to accomodate and expel a foetus

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7
Q

What are the two functions of the ovaries?

A

Gametogenic
Endocrine

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8
Q

Define Gametogenic

A

Ability to produce gametes

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9
Q

Define Endocrine

A

Ensures the correct environment for development of gametes

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10
Q

List the phases of the ovarian cycle (from primordial follicle to corpus albicans)

A

Primordial follicle
Primary ovum
Developing follicles
Graafian (mature)
Liberated ovum
Early corpus luteum
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicans

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11
Q

What does ‘oestrus behaviour’ mean?

A

Certain behaviour in animals that occurs before ovulation. AKA on heat

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12
Q

What animals are monooestrus?

A

Dogs, foxes, wolves

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13
Q

What animals are polyoestrus?

A

Sheep. goat, deer,cow, pig

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14
Q

What is gametogenesis/ oogenesis?

A

Production of female gametes?

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15
Q

Describe gametogenesis/ oogenesis

A
  1. oogonium is diploid prenataly
  2. meitotic arrest before birth
  3. Post puberty, once a month one primary oocyte reaches fertilistaion
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16
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

Developmetn of follicles

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17
Q

What is a follicle?

A

oocyte and supporting cells

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18
Q

In a primordial follicle, what is the singular cell layer made of?

A

squamos cells

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19
Q

What kind of cells are primary follicles made of ?

A

Cuboidal/ columnar

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20
Q

In a secondary follicle, what begins to form?

A

Zona pellucida
pockets of fluid

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21
Q

In a teritary follicle/ graafian, what is the one big pocket of fluid called? What kind of cells surround the follicle?

A

Antrum

Theca surround follicle

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22
Q

What are the three hormones the female anterior pituitary gland makes for reproduction?

A

FSH
LH
Prolactin

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23
Q

What does Hypothalamus Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) do?

A

Acts on pituitary inducing release of FSH or LH
frequency of pulse depends on cycle stage

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24
Q

What does GnRH do for the first part of the cycle?

A

released in pulses
increases LH and FSH
acts on ovary to increase follicular development
increases oestrogen production
inhibin release inhibits FSH release

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25
What does GnRH do for the ovulation part of the cycle?
Huge increase in oestrogen +ve feedback to the surge centre increase in GnRH release surge release of LH ovulation occurs
26
What does GnRH do for the post ovulation part of the cycle?
Collapsed follicle makes progesterone -ve effect on surge centre
27
How does the hypothalamus cause oestrogens to be released?
1. Hypothal secretes GnRH 2. Anterior pit makes LH and FSH 3.Theca cells make cholesterol into androgens via LH 4. Granulosa cells make androgens into oestrogens via FSH
28
How do theca cells and Granulosa cells differ?
-hormone receptors -steroidogenic enzyme activities - microenvironments (eg. blood flow)
29
What is oestrogen's impact on the oviduct?
increased secretion, cilia and muscle activity
30
What is progesterone's impact on the oviduct?
decreased secretion, cilia and muscle activity
31
What is oestrogen's impact on the cervix?
relaxation thinner secretions
32
What is progesterone's impact on the cervix?
firmer thicker secretions even sometimes a plug to stop sperm
33
What is progesterone's impact on the uterus?
Reduced myometrium activity increased thick secretions development of spiral arteries
34
What is oestrogen's impact on the uterus?
increased myometrium activity increased size and no of glands increased watery secretions
35
What is cumulus oophoros?
Some granulosa cells released alongside oocyte
36
Describe the process of luteolysis
1. corpis luteum produces oxytocin 2. stimulates release of PGF2 alpha from endometrium 3.PGF2 alpha goes from uterine vein to uterine artery 4. Prostaglandin in artery destroys corpus luteum
37
What is the corpus spongiosum?
tissue in the penis that maintains urethra viable for sperm to leave the penis in ejaculation
38
What is the corpus cavernosum?
erectile tissue in the penis
39
What is the function of the seminiferous tubule?
To produce sperm
40
What do the myoid cells do?
contractile cells to transport sperm
41
What do the leydig cells do?
make testosterone
42
What do the sertoli cells do?
Connected to each other via tight junction to nourish and control sperm
43
What is the function of the blood testis barrier?
From primary spermatozoa onwards, to protect sperm from the immune system
44
List the stages of sperm formation from spermatagonia to spermatozoa?
spermatogonia primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes spermatids elongated spermatozoa
45
Describe spermatogonia
Diploid Stem cells continuously replenished
46
What is the difference between primary and secondary spermatocytes?
Primary = diploid secondary= has undergone meiosis, so now is haploid
47
How do spermatids become elongated spermatozoa?
Spermiogenesis 1. round spermatid 2. condensation of the nucleus 3. acrosome and flagellum form 4. elongated spermatid made
48
What temperature is needed for meiosis of the spermatocytes?
Lower than core temp cremasteric muscle lifts scrotum up or down depending on temp
49
How long is the cycle of spermatogenesis?
about 74 days but stem cells divide every 16 days
50
How is the release of testosterone controlled?
Stimulated by LH from anterior pituitary negative feedback
51
What is the effect of testosterone in foetal development?
development testicular descent
52
What is the effect of testosterone in puberty development?
secondary sexual characteristics
53
What is the effect of testosterone in an adult male?
maintenance spermatogenesis
54
How is spermatogenesis controlled hormonally?
FSH binds to sertoli cells increased androgen binding protein increased spermatogenesis
55
What is the function of the epididymis?
makes sperm motile and fertile phagocytosis if needed
56
How many days does it take for sperm to pass thru the epididymis?
12 days
57
How is spermatozoa transported down the vas deferens?
muscle contractions
58
Where does seminal fluid come from?
Accessory sex glands prostate, cowpers
59
What is seminal fluid made up of?
sugar buffers reducing agents glycoproteins (sperm head) coagulates
60
How is the ovum held at the ampulla/ isthmus junction in fallopian until fertilisation?
By shpincters
61
How is the transport of sperm thru the cervix aided?
By uterine contractions that create negative pressures, and uterine cilia
62
If the sperm arrive at the isthmus before ovulation, what happens?
immobilised by ciliated epithelial until ovulation when a chemoattractant is released and the sperm are set free
63
What is capacitation?
Capacity to fertilise ie. exposure of sperm to environment of female reproductive tract
64
What does capacitation do to sperm?
1. change in macromolecular structure (acrosome) 2. gentle become whiplash beating movement
65
What happens in the acrosome reaction?
Post female exposure, channels form releasing the enzymes
66
Describe fertilisation
1. penetration of cumulus and zona pellucida 2. egg and sperm cell membranes fuse 3.cortical granules activate, hardening the zona pellucida 4.syngamy= pairiing of chromosomes 5. 2nd meiotic division of egg
67
What delays another cycle starting to protect early prerganacy?
maintenance of corpus lluteum produces progesteron until placenta takes over
68
What is a morulla?
26 cell stage embryo at uiterine tubular junction
69
Why does it take 3-4 days for the embryo move to the uterus?
waits for oestrogen to lower so uterus is quietso no uterine contraction
70
What is the corpus laetum life span?
12-14 days
71
What hormone made by the embryo prevents luteolysis?
HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophion)
72
What kind of implantation happens in humans?
Invasive interstitial
73
Describe the rough stages of partuition beginning
1. baby pushes against cervix 2. hypothalamus receives signals 3. posterior pit 4. oxytocin release 5. uterus contraction
74
What does the foetus make that increases contractions?
Prostaglandin

Fundamentals of body function Year 1 (10 decks)

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