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Fundamentals of body function Year 1 > Week 19 > Flashcards

Week 19 Flashcards

1
Q

How much secretion vs absorbance does the stomach do?

A

Only secretion

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2
Q

How much secretion vs absorbance does the small intestine do?

A

Secretion and absorbance

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3
Q

How much secretion vs absorbance does the large intestine do?

A

little secretion and little absorbance

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4
Q

What are the four ditinct layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
muscularis propris
adventitia

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5
Q

Describe the Mucosa

A

Made up of epithelium and smooth muscle (lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)

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6
Q

Describe the Submucosa

A

Loose collagenous connective tissue, with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves

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7
Q

Describe the muscularis propris

A

Muscular wall

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8
Q

Describe the adventitia

A

Outer layer of loose supportive tissue

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9
Q

What is the purpose of salivary secretion?

A

Oral hygeine
Food lubrication
Minor digestion

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10
Q

what are the 3 main salivary glands called?

A

Parotid
Mandibular
Sublingual

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11
Q

What is saliva from the parotid gland like compared to the mandibular and sublingual?

A

Parotid= Serous, watery, enzymes

Mandibular and sublingual= mixed, more mucus

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12
Q

What kind of granules contain amylase?

A

zymogen

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13
Q

What two enzymes mainly maintain oral hygeine?

A

IgA
Lysozyme

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14
Q

How would vasodilation increase secretion?

A

Increase epithelial perm.
increased blood flow
increased saliva production

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15
Q

How does the number of parietal cells change as you go down the stomach?

A

Decreases

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16
Q

What are the three parts of the stomach?

A

Fundus
Corpus
Pylorus

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17
Q

What are the three main stage of gastric secretion?

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

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18
Q

What happens during the cephalic intestinal stage of secretion?

A

anticipation phase- thinking about food
Parietal cells secret HCl
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen
G cells secrete gastrin

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19
Q

What happens during the gastric intestinal stage of secretion?

A

Trigger = food arriving in stomach
Stretch receptors stimulate reflexes
so gastrin is released

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20
Q

What happens during the intestinal stage of secretion?

A

Slowing down stage so that the s.i. doesnt get overwhelmed

Trigger= chyme entering s.i. (esp duodenum)

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21
Q

What kind of cell produces HCl?

A

Parietal

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22
Q

How would a parietal cell produce HCl to aid digestion?

A
  1. CO2 and H2O combine to make H+ and HCO3-
  2. Alkaline tide- blood pH rises after eating
    3.HCO3- into blood in exchange for Cl-
    4.HCL is made
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23
Q

What are the two key take away points about Hcl?

A

HCl is made outside the cell
HCO3- is released later on to neutralise it

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24
Q

What would increase HCl production?

A

Gastrin
Ach from vagus nerve
histamine

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25
What would decrease HCl production?
Somatostatin Prostoglandin Lo pH (neg feedback)
26
What does the gut epithelium produce to protect itself from HCL?
Mucus HCO3-
27
What could stimulate protection of gut epithelium?
Mechanical Ach
28
What could inhibit protection of gut epithelium?
Catecholamines (stress) Aspirin
29
What would increase stomach emptying?
Distension of stomach Peptides
30
What would decrease stomach emptying?
Too many peptides, fat, pressure, osmolality lo pH
31
All sphincters in the GI tract except the external anal are under what control?
enteric nervous system
32
What is the scientific name for vomiting?
emesis
33
What are the 4 stages of emesis?
Stimulation Prodrome Retching Vomiting
34
Explain the stimulation stage of emesis?
Vomiting centre in the medulla pick up on: -chemoreceptor trigger zone -motion sickenss via vestoiobular system -food poisoning -higher brain sensors
35
Explain the prodrome stage of emesis?
Nauseau, salivation, other autonomic responses Decreased gastric motility Reverse peristalsis
36
Explain the retching stage of emesis?
Glottis closes Soft palate=raised Lower esophagal sphincter is relaxed Upper esophagal sphincter is closed still
37
Explain the vomiting stage of emesis?
Upper esophagal sphincter opens High abdominal and intragastric pressure
38
What does chronic vomiting cause?
Loss of fluid Loss of stomach acid
39
What is the difference between a short nervous loop reflex and a long nervous loop reflex?
Short= stays within the gut (enteric control) Long= Brain to gut
40
Generally GI activity requires neural, hormonal and local reflexes. What is the exception to this rule?
Salivation- neural only
41
Where does the enteric nervous system reside?
Myenteric plexus Submucosal plexus
42
Describe the myenteric plexus
Between muscle layers of GI, controls GI motility
43
Describe the submucosal plexus
Above muscle, COntrols enzymes and blood flow
44
What kind of neurons in the enteric nervous system composed of?
Sensory- stretch, chemical change Interneurons- local reflexes motor neurons- muscles and glands
45
What nerve do the gut and brain use to communicate?
Vagus nerve
46
What three types of signalling happens in the GI?
Enterogastrone Paracrine Autocrien
47
Explain how enterogastrones work?
released by s.i. enters bloodstream goes to stomach to slow motility
48
Explain how paracrine work?
acts locally does not enter bloodstream
49
Explain how autocrine work?
acts on cells that release it
50
What does gastrin do?
trigger= gastrin releasing peptide stimulates HCl and growth of mucosa
51
What does secretin do?
Lo pH stimulates HCO3- in s.i.
52
What does CCK do?
In s.i.fatty acids and aa trigger CCK to stimulate enzyme production in pancreas and gall bladder contraction
53
What does GIP do?
Fat, glucose and aa in small bowel trigger GIP to reduce HCl production and stomach emptying. Plus insulin release
54
What does somatostatin do?
Fats, aa and bile salts in intestine causes somatostatin. IT reduces acid secretion and stomach emptying
55
How does ozempic work?
GLP1 and GIP released when you eat work on pancreas to secrete insulin When glucose binds, pancreas is more sensitive so more insulin is released.
56
What does leptin do?
Secreted by white fat cells, secretion inproportion to fat cells
57
What does grhelin do?
Produced by stomach when hungry
58
What are the glands called in the small intestine crypts that secrete bicarb?
Brunner's Glands
59
How does cholera cause diarrhea?
due to flood of chlorine
60
What is an enterocyte?
Intestinal epithelial cell
61
what are the two actions of small intestine motility?
Segmentation Peristalsis
62
Describe segmentation
Alternating contractions squeeze material back and forth for mixing and absorbance
63
Describe the enteric control of motility
Intrinsic control Coordinates peristalsis and segmentation responds to stretch and chemical
64
Describe the extrinsic control of motility
Brain and spinal cord via sympathetic or parasympathetic
65
Describe the pancreas' role in digestion?
Secrete HCO3- stomach stimulates secretin release enteropeptidase released by pancreas for protection
66
What enzymes are released by the pancreas to breakdown protein?
Trypsin Chymotrypsin Elastase Carboxypeptidase
67
What enzymes are released by the pancreas to breakdown Triglycerides?
lipase
68
What enzymes are released by the pancreas to breakdown phospholipids?
phospholipase
69
What enzymes are released by the pancreas to breakdown polysaccharides?
amylase
70
What enzymes are released by the pancreas to breakdown RNA?
Ribonuclease
71
What enzymes are released by the pancreas to breakdown DNA?
Deoxyribonuclease
72
What are the two blood supplies to the liver?
hepatic artery Venous blood from GI tract
73
Give some examples of the importance of the liver?
Metabolism Protein synthesis Degrade steroid hormones Detox fat digestion pH control
74
What is bile made up of?
bile salts, pigment, cholesterol
75
What does bile do?
Aids fat digestion via emulsification
76
name the duct that connects the gall bladder to bile duct?
cystic duct
77
How is bile released?
1. presence of fat in s.i. 2. hormone choleocystokinin (CCK) released from cells 3.Gall bladder smooth muscle contracts
78
What are lobules?
Functional units of the liver, each near to a central vein
79
What are hepatocytes?
Liver cells radiating out form central vein
80
What are sinusoids?
specialized capillaries where blood from hepatic artery and portal vein mix together and contact hapatocytes
81
What is the portal triad?
In liver functional units, bile duct, hepatic arteriole and portal venule
82
What is the simplification of what happens in liver functional units?
Basically portal triads all drain into central vein in lobule
83
Is Na higher in the lumen or the cell?
Na hi in the lumen
84
When Na flows into a cell, what does it take with it? What does it kick out?
Sugar, aa, K+ kicks out H+
85
What does it mean that Na brings in all of this stuff into the cell?
Water is absorbed across leaky epithelia with no cellular osmotic gradient
86
What are the causes of diarrhea?
Increased motility damage to villi stimulated secretion solute retention
87
Which cause of diarrhea is how laxatives work?
Solute retention
88
What is the treatment for diarrhea?
Oral rehydration therapy Sugar, aa, na+, K+, pH buffer
89
What three enzymes help with carbohydrate digestion?
Sucrose lactase maltase
90
Out of fructose, glucose and galactose, which need facilitated transport and which need an Na+ transporteer?
Fructose= fac transport Gllucose, Galactose= Na+ transporter
91
What ezymes aid protein digestion?
pepsin Trypsin
92
How does pepsin become active?
Chief cells make pepsinogen Lo pH make it into pepsin
93
What does pepsin do?
Protein-> AA or oligopeptides in stomach
94
How does trypsin become active?
Enterokinase at the bush border converts trypsinogen into trypsin, then chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypep. a and B
95
What are tiny fat droplets covered in bile salts called?
Micelles
96
What is the end product of fat digestion called?
Chlomicron
97
Chlomicron are too big to travel via bloodstream. How do they travel then?
Lymph system
98
What are some functions of the gut microbiome?
-aid epithelia function -synthesis of vit k and b -aid immune system -undigestible fibre can be converted into short chain fatty acids helping to modulate the CNS
99
How does the presence of vit d3 increase absorption of calcium?
vit d3= steroid hormone acts on nucleus increeased expression of intestinal membrane calcium binding protein (IMCal)
100
What is vitamin B12 also known as?
Cobalamin (water soluble)
101
What is Vit B12 required for?
RBC maturation
102
What is vitamin B12 absorbtion relient on?
Intrinsic factor (glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells)
103
What is Vitamin B12 deficiency called?
Pernicious anaemia
104

Fundamentals of body function Year 1 (10 decks)

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