week 3 Flashcards
what is intelligence?
Intelligence is a broad mental capacity encompassing reasoning, problem-solving, abstract thinking, and learning from experience. It extends beyond academic skills and involves comprehending the environment. Intelligence tests measure this multifaceted concept, and its definition varies due to its breadth.
Francis Galton
In 1869, it was proposed that superior hereditary qualities contribute to higher intelligence. The central hypothesis suggests that individual intelligence differences can be directly measured, using methods like reaction time, sensory acuity (sight and hearing), and color discrimination. Lower intelligence is associated with reduced sensory responsiveness, affecting the ability to distinguish sensations like heat, cold, and pain.
binet
The Binet-Simon scale in 1905 was the first intelligence test designed to identify children in need of special education. It included 30 everyday tasks, such as tracking a light with their eyes. Test results established a child’s “mental age” by comparing their performance with that of children of the same age. The test featured both easy and challenging tasks, from eye-tracking to naming body parts.
Yerkes
Army Alpha was designed for literate groups and the Army Beta was designed for illiterates
William Stern
In 1912, Stern introduced the concept of IQ (intelligence quotient). Mental age varied in proportion to real age, and the ratio of mental age to chronological age remained relatively constant. IQ was calculated by dividing these two terms and multiplying the result by 100
terman
In 1916, the Stanford-Binet scale, a revised version of the Binet-Simon scale, was developed with data from a larger sample of 1,000 children, enhancing its accuracy.
Charles spearman
Between 1904 and 1921, factor analysis identified a ‘positive manifold’ among intelligence tests, leading to the concept of general intelligence.
spearman’s two factor theory: g and s
theory of intelligence, “G” represents a fundamental mental energy required for success in various intelligence tests, while “S” factors pertain to specific abilities needed for individual task performance.
development of standardised tests
Spearman’s theory of intelligence contributed to the development of more robust intelligence tests suitable for broader populations. The Wechsler tests, including the Wechsler-Bellevue Scale in 1939 (standardized with 1,500 adults), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in 1955 (standardized with 2,000 adults aged 16-75), and the Wechsler scale for children aged 5-16, are notable examples of such tests.
deviation iq
Wechsler conducted extensive testing across various age groups to establish norms. These tests primarily compared an individual’s scores to those of their age-matched peers. In 1939, IQ scores were transformed and standardized, setting the mean at 100 and the standard deviation at 15.
widely used in clinical settings
culture fair tests
Tests developed in one culture might not apply to another.
The question arises: can we create a culture-free intelligence test? And can IQ tests have universal validity? It highlights the notion that intelligence can have varied interpretations across different contexts and cultures.
ravens progressive matrices
Intelligence tests evaluate abstract reasoning and inference skills. The overall IQ score, based on deviation from norms, is designed to be culture-fair and free from cultural and language biases.
fluid vs crystallized intelligence (1963)
Crystallized intelligence: Acquired knowledge and skills.
Fluid intelligence: Abstract reasoning.
three stratum theory (1993)
This is a systematic organization of over 50 years of research on human cognitive abilities.
cattle-horn-carrol theory
involves integrating existing theories while considering the practical aspects of psychometric testing, exemplified by the Woodcock-Johnson Psychoeducational Battery in the US.
