Week 3

Question 1

What type of research aims to describe individuals (thoughts, opinions/feelings) + offer predictions about them based on demographics, and involves asking questions and/or observing individuals directly.
used to study associations (correlations) but not causations.

Answer 1

Survey research

Question 2

Is there manipulation of variables involved in surveys?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

This is a description of what type of question: pp is free to respond how they want, higher ecological validity, potentially more representative of person’s true opinions, difficult to analyse.

Answer 3

Open questions.

Question 4

This is a description of what type of question: pps have to select a pre-specified response (e.g. 1-7), useful for statistical analysis, easier to score/analyse, more susceptible to designer bias

Answer 4

Closed questions.

Question 5

Semantic differential scale:

Answer 5

Developed by Osgood (1952), asks people to rate something on a number of paired dimensions (1-10 inferior/superior, unlikeable/more likeable). Takes advantage of people’s ability to think metaphorically, more indirect.

Question 6

Likert scale

Answer 6

Used to express extent of agreement, frequency etc. Offer different strengths of opinion, often used in standardised measures to produce scores. Direct form of questioning.

Question 7

Categorical answers

Answer 7

Short questions offering a range of options or categories. Often used for demographic information. Not typically used on standardised measures (with some exceptions - yes/no format scales)

Question 8

Ambiguous questions, technical terminology, leading questions, hypothetical questions and double/barrelled questions, are examples of what?

Answer 8

Common errors when writing questions.

Question 9

Measurement invariance (equivalence) captures the degree to which

Answer 9

Your measure is testing the same thing across conditions. useful for if you’re testing for differences across time or across conditions.

Question 10

If I measure your height today, will it be the same as yesterday? is an example of what

Answer 10

Test-retest reliability

Question 11

If I measure you, will your height be the same as when Scott measured you? (cohen’s kappa) is an example of what

Answer 11

Inter-rater of reliability

Question 12

Will your height be the same if I use a tape measure as when I use a ruler? is an example of what

Answer 12

Inter-method (or parallel-forms) reliability

Question 13

Did you respond to similar questions in a similar way (e.g. when measuring extroversion) is an example of what

Answer 13

Internal consistency reliability (split-half technique, Cronbach’s alpha or McDonald’s Omega)

Question 14

Is this a valid means of tapping into the construct you are attempting to measure? What type of validity

Answer 14

Construct validity

Question 15

The extent to which the domain of interest is adequately represented by the scale items. What type of validity

Answer 15

Content validity

Question 16

What validity is able to predict behaviour in the future?

Answer 16

Predictive validity

Question 17

What validity assesses if the score is related to another criterion of this construct tested at the same time?

Answer 17

Concurrent validity

Question 18

What validity shows if the score related to other measures of the same construct

Answer 18

Convergent validity

Question 19

What validity determines if the score is different from measures that theoretically measure something else?

Answer 19

Discriminant validity

Question 20

Strengths of questionnaires are

Answer 20

Access to large numbers of people with different demographics
Can gather very large sample sizes
Efficient and inexpensive to administer

Question 21

Weaknesses of questionnaires are

Answer 21

No, or limited, explanation (follow-up research needed)
Susceptible to bias (respondents and researchers)
Have to be very carefully designed
Analysis = simple, interpretation = difficult