week 3 (2&3)

Question 1

what are Phrenology and localisation of function in the brain?

Answer 1

mental function are localised in different areas in the brain
different areas activated will get different areas to budge (correlation between brain and size)

Question 2

What does ablation mean?

Answer 2

Removal of section in the brain from brain injury or diseases.

Question 3

three stages of localisation of function

Answer 3

Map out input/output stages
hope structure is modular
multiple converged methodologies

Question 4

Broadmann (1868-1918) theory

Answer 4

Cytoarchitecture

Question 5

Cytoarchitecture meaning

Answer 5

Structure and organisation of cells

Question 6

Semir Zeki theory of localisation ?

Answer 6

Micro electrodes to measure single cells and create boundaries around different properties response

Question 7

Blasdell And Salama (1986) theory of localisation?

Answer 7

Usea dyes that change with intensity

Question 8

what happens in the hyper column ?

Answer 8

the cells receive the info from the same area in the visual fields

Question 9

What is Spatiotopic mean?

Answer 9

Neighbouring hyper-column receive info from neighbouring region in the visual field.

Question 10

What is retinotopic mapping?

Answer 10

the mapping of visual input from the retina to neurons

Question 11

How does retinotpic mapping work?

Answer 11

Maintain same spatial relationship between adjacent points that is seen in the retina

Question 12

The process of Retinotopic mapping

Answer 12

Fovea is focused on an area it appears in red

in cortex the central part of visual field is magnified relative to periphery

Question 13

What is Cortical magnification factor?

Answer 13

refers to area of cortex that is stimulated by a target of a specified visual angle

Question 14

What happens in cortical magnification ?

Answer 14

Foveal section enlarged in primary visual correct relative to the periphery

Question 15

Forward pathways process?

Answer 15

Moving from the LGNd to higher cortical area

Connection from superficial layer of cortex to layer 4

Question 16

feedback pathway process?

Answer 16

signals originate in superficial and deep layers and terminate in superficial and deep layers

Question 17

What is the Corpus collosum fibre

Answer 17

Carry info about the retinal midline of the visual field

Question 18

What are the visual responsive areas ?

Answer 18

not every area is connected to every other area. there are functional pathways

Question 19

which side of the brain controls motion

Answer 19

LEft

Question 20

Which side of the brain controls pattern or form?

Answer 20

Right

Question 21

What does the dorsal pathway do?

Answer 21

Stronger Magno-cellular input

Question 22

what does the Ventral pathway ?

Answer 22

Stronger Parvo-cellular input

Question 23

What do the M & P pathways refer to?

Answer 23

The early visual pathway before signal reaches cortex

Question 24

What does CAT scan stand for?

Answer 24

Computerised Axil Topography

Question 25

What is the CAT scan capable of ?

Answer 25

Can only detect density difference (bone and brain)

Question 26

what does fMRI stand for?

Answer 26

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Question 27

What is the fMRI capable of ?

Answer 27

very strong magnet which detects oxygen

Question 28

what does PET stand for?

Answer 28

Postion Emission Topography

Question 29

What is PET scan capable of?

Answer 29

Detects location of radioactive isotopes carried in the blood

Question 30

What can detect functional streams?

Answer 30

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 31

What can TMS do?

Answer 31

Uses magnetic pulses to stimulate neurons

Question 32

what is Neuro-Phrenology

Answer 32

Different areas of the brain light up when performing tasks.

Question 33

Whats the Classifier method?

Answer 33

A Correlation between brain response and behaviour.

Question 34

How many pathways from the Retina to the Cortex?

Answer 34

five different pathways

Question 35

What is LGN of the thalamus for?

Answer 35

Visual perception

Question 36

What is the Pulvinar for?

Answer 36

Thalamic structure that response to motion and selection of stimuli

Question 37

What is the pretectum of the midbrain for ?

Answer 37

Controls of eye movement

Question 38

what is the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus for

Answer 38

Control of dinural rhythms and hormonal levels

Question 39

Whats the size of a Hemianopia?

Answer 39

Half a field

Question 40

What is the size of a Quadrantanopia?

Answer 40

quarter field

Question 41

What is the size of Scotoma?

Answer 41

Small island

Question 42

What can lesions cause?

Answer 42

Selective visual function losses

Question 43

What is a scatoma?

Answer 43

Regions where the stimulus presence is not reported

Question 44

What can people with lesions detect?

Answer 44

Huge changes in brightness, | can't see the target but can localise them

Question 45

Blindsight definition?

Answer 45

For a subject with clinically blind field defects detect, localise and discriminate visual stimuli of which the subject say they are completely unaware

Question 46

What is Spared visual cortex ?

Answer 46

an island of normal cortex could support residual vision

Question 47

What is scattered light?

Answer 47

Light scatters as it passes through the optical system | makes identification difficult

Question 48

What is Criterion?

Answer 48

the willingness to say the target is present?

Question 49

What is Signal detection theory?

Answer 49

The strength of the signal presented and the participants perceptual sensitivity

Question 50

Is blindsight just a criterion change?

Answer 50

Sensitivity doesn't change between Y/N and FC tasks but Criterion did change

Question 51

Can the vision in blindsight be used?

Answer 51

Cant see target even if the image was correctly detected

Question 52

what is the Best explanation for blindsight?

Answer 52

Direct pathway from LGN to hMT+ region

Question 53

What does dMRI stand for?

Answer 53

Diffusion weighted MRI

Question 54

What do Blindsight positive have?

Answer 54

Normal tract appearance at cortical end

Question 55

What do blindsight negative have?

Answer 55

do not have a normal tract

Question 56

What is the conclusion to a missing V1?

Answer 56

Need V1 for conscious vision, but other pathways support visual information when V1 is missing