Week 3

Question 1

PML

Answer 1

Question 2

Neurocysticercosis

Answer 2

Question 3

Secondary causes of hypertension

Answer 3

Question 4

PNH

Answer 4

Question 5

CNS lymphoma

Answer 5

Presence of EBV DNA in the CSF is specific for this condition

MRI reveals a weakly ring-enhancing mass that is usually solitary and periventricular

Question 6

Clincial features of primary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 6

Question 7

Clinical features of trichinellosis

Answer 7

Question 8

Lymphedema

Answer 8

Question 9

Cervicofacial actinomyces

Answer 9

Question 11

Systemic sclerosis

Answer 11

Question 12

Common causes of diarrhea in patients with AIDS

Answer 12

Question 13

Types of systematic error

Answer 13

Question 14

Common causes of myopathy

Answer 14

Question 15

Hepatic hydrothorax

Answer 15

generally results in transudative pleural effusions and is thought to occur due to small defects in the diaphram

Diagnosis involves documentation of the effusion and testing to exclude other causes

Question 16

Clinical features of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 16

Question 17

Clinical features of primary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 17

Question 18

earliest renal abnormailty seen in diabetic nepropathy

Answer 18

Glomerular hyperfiltration. Is also the major pathophysiologic mechanism of glomerular injury in these patients

Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane is the first change that can be quantified

Question 19

Diffuse esophageal spasm

Answer 19

episodes of dysphagia, regurgitation and/or chest pain precipitated by emotional stress

Manometry established diagnosis

Nitrates and ca channel blockers relax SM of esophagus and alleviate the pain

Question 20

Features of carcinoid syndrome

Answer 20

Question 21

Evaluation of bright red blood per rectum

Answer 21

Question 22

Facial paralysis/motor neurons

Answer 22

Question 23

Calcium in blood

Answer 23

40-45% bound to albumin and other plasma proteins

Patients with hypoalbuminemia may have significant deficit in total blood caccium, however, the ionized plasma calcium (physiologically actie form) is hormonally regulated and remains stabe

Question 24

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 2

Answer 24

Caused by persistant activation of the alternative complement pathway

C3 deposits

Question 25

Drugs/supplements that affect warfarin metabolism

Answer 25

Question 26

Digitalis toxicity

Answer 26

Causes increased ectopy and increased vagal tone Atrial tachycardia with AV block occurs from combination of these two digitalis effects and is relatively specific for digitalis toxicity

Question 27

Primary vs secondary central adrenal insufficiency

Answer 27

Question 28

Claw toe and hammer toe defornities

Answer 28

Inbalance in strength and flexibility In patient with longstanding diabetes may suggest underlying diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Question 29

Mechanism of hypovolemic hyponatremia

Answer 29

Decreased renal perfusion leads to decreased renal tubular na delivery which stimulates the RAAS system and increases na reabsoption Nonosmotic stimulation of ADH occurs and hypotension Salt and water retention help correct hypovolemia causes hypovolemic hyponatremia

Question 30

Opportunistic infections in HIV

Answer 30

Question 31

Laclunar stroke of posterolateral thalmus

Answer 31

typically presents with sudden onset contralateral sensory loss involving all sensory modalities (ie pure sensory stroke) weeks to months later, pateints can develop thalamic pain syndrome characterized by severe paroxysmal burning pain over the affected area that is exacerbated by light toutch (allodynia)

Question 32

Cholesteral crystal embolism

Answer 32

Question 33

Cancer related anorexia/cachexia

Answer 33

Progesterone analogues and corticosteroids Progesterone analogues preferred due to decreased incidence of side effects

Question 34

Sjogren syndrome

Answer 34

Question 35

Common fibular neuropathy

Answer 35

transient Unilateral foot drow Numbness/tingling over the dorsal foot and lateral shin Impaired ankle dorsiflexion (walking on heels) Preserved plantar flexion (walking on toes)

Question 36

Clinical characteristics of major stroke subtypes

Answer 36

Question 37

Eosinophilic esophagitis

Question 38

Pericardial effusions ekg

Answer 38

Eletrical alterans QRS complexes whose amplitudes vary from beat to beat thought to result from heart's swinging back and forth within an increased quantity of pericardial fluid

Question 39

Spinal cord compression

Answer 39

Question 40

Human monocytic ehrlichiosis

Answer 40

Question 41

Refactory hypokalemia

Answer 41

Hypomagnesmia is one well known cause Chronic alcoholism can cause Intracellular mg thoguht to inhibit K secretion by renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channels in the collecting tubules of the kidney. Therefore low intracellular mg results in excessive renal pottasium loss

Question 42

Hyperestrinism in cirrhosis

Answer 42

leads to gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, decreased body hair, spider angiomas, and palmar erythema

Question 43

Sympathetic opthalmia

Answer 43

Characterized by damage of one eye (the sympathetic eye) after a penetrating injury to the other eye Due to immunologic mecahnism involving the recognition of "hidden" antigens

Question 44

Clinical features of osteomalacia

Answer 44

Question 45

Depression related cognitive impairment

Answer 45

SSRIs and psycotherapy As depression improves cognitive impairment should return to baseline

Question 46

Syphilis manigestations

Answer 46

Question 47

Erythropoeitin side effect

Answer 47

Hypertension.

Question 48

Viterous hemorrhage

Answer 48

Typically presents as a sudden loss of vision and onset of floaters Occurs in paitents with diabetic retinopathy