Week 3 (Cells, Microbes)

Question 1

Describe the three (3) main structural features of a cell

Answer 1

• Plasma Membrane: Surrounds the cell, regulating the passage of substances in and out.
• Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance within the cell where organelles are suspended.
• Nucleus: Control center of the cell, containing genetic material

Question 2

Relate the structure and function of the cell to a range of nursing actions

Question 3

Label the main anatomy of a bacterial cell, enveloped and non-enveloped virus

Question 4

Contrast acellular infectious agents with cellular microorganisms

Answer 4

• Acellular Infectious Agents (e.g., viruses, viroids, prions): Lack cellular structure and cannot carry out metabolic processes on their own; require a host cell to replicate.
• Cellular Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi): Single-celled organisms with cellular structure capable of independent growth and reproduction.

Question 5

Outline the role of DNA replication, protein synthesis and mitosis in homeostasis

Answer 5

• DNA Replication: Ensures accurate transmission of genetic information during cell division.
• Protein Synthesis: Produces proteins necessary for cell structure, function, and regulation.
• Mitosis: Process of cell division, maintaining the constant number of chromosomes and producing genetically identical daughter cells, thus contributing to tissue growth, repair, and maintenance.

Question 6

Differentiate between hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solutions

Answer 6

• Hypotonic solution has a lesser solute concentration (thus more water) than cell
• Isotonic solution has same solute concentration (thus water concentration) as that of cell
• Hypertonic solution has a greater solute concentration (thus less water) than cell

Question 7

Define diffusion, osmosis and active transport

Answer 7

• Diffusion: Passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• Osmosis: Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
• Active Transport: Movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input (usually from ATP).

Question 8

Identify the components of the plasma membrane and state their functions

Answer 8

• Border of cell and some organelles
• Bilayer of phospholipids and proteins in a constantly changing fluid mosaic
• Separates intracellular from extracellular fluid

Question 9

What the following statement with their terms:

Cellular material inside the cell.

Answer 9

Cytoplasm

Question 10

What the following statement with their terms:

Control centre of cell (DNA)

Answer 10

Nucleus

Question 11

What the following statement with their terms:
Increase surface area of plasma membrane (absorption)

Answer 11

• microvili

Question 12

What the following statement with their terms:

Double layer of lipids with protein molecules in it

Answer 12

Plasma membrane

Question 13

What the following statement with their terms:

Membranous networks, smooth or rough

Answer 13

• endiplasmic reticulum

Question 14

What the following statement with their terms:

Protein synthesis

Answer 14

• ribosome

Question 15

What the following statement with their terms:

Modifies proteins and lipids for export

Answer 15

Golgi complex

Question 16

What the following statement with their terms:
Transport products such as protein

Answer 16

Secretory vesicle

Question 17

What the following statement with their terms:

Contain acidic digestive enzymes (pathogen and debris)

Answer 17

Lysosomes

Question 18

What the following statement with their terms:

Synthesises adenosine triphosphate

Answer 18

Mitochondrion

Question 19

What the following statement with their terms:
Role in cell division mitosis

Answer 19

Centriole

Question 20

What the following statement with their terms:

Role in joining cells together

Answer 20

Desmosome

Question 21

What the following statement with their terms:
Proteins organised as micro filaments, microtubules or intermediate filaments (scaffold) eg myosin, keratin

Answer 21

Cytoskeleton

Question 22

What is mitosis and where does it occur in the human body?

Answer 22

Cell division; the making of new cells from pre-existing cells
Most areas of the body

Question 23

Osmosis

Answer 23

Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

Question 24

Diffusion

Answer 24

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until an equilibrium is reached

Question 25

Vacillated diffusion

Answer 25

Passive transport in which a solute binds a specific carrier protein on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side

Question 26

Active transport

Answer 26

Energy is derived from ATP to pump a substance across a cellular membrane against its concentration gradient

Question 27

Phagocytosis

Answer 27

Type of endocytosis in which large particles such as pathogens are taken into the cell

Question 28

Exocytosis

Answer 28

Movement of materials out of the cell by the fusing of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane

Question 29

What microorganisms grow in clusters of spherical-shaped bacteria

Answer 29

Straphylocpccusv

Question 30

What are survival structures formed by some strain of bacillus

Answer 30

Endospores

Question 31

The absence of ….. would prevent a cell from undergoing mitosis

Answer 31

Centrioles

Question 32

Most cells of the ….. system lack centrioles

Answer 32

Nervous system

Question 33

State the dominant organelles in each cell type: Fibroblasts

Answer 33

- Lie along the protein fibres they secrete (e.g collagen). - Golgi complex, RER

Question 34

State the dominant organelles in each cell type: Macrophage

Answer 34

- Lysosomes to digest (break) pathogens, debris, bone