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VTS ECC > Week 3 - Clinical Pathology > Flashcards

Week 3 - Clinical Pathology Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Cells that make up blood

A

RBC’s, WBC’s, platelets

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2
Q

Erythropoises

A

Generation RBC’s by erythropoietin

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3
Q

Leukopoises

A

Generation of 5 types of WBC’s

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4
Q

Granulocytes (WBC)

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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5
Q

Agranulocytes (WBC)

A

Monocytes, lymphocytes

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6
Q

Immature RBC’s

A

Nucleus or nRBC’s - replacement of damaged cells.

NOT FAST process - 3-5 days!!

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7
Q

Hematopoises

A

BONE MARROW - birth place of all blood cells!

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8
Q

Thrombopoises

A

Generation of platelets

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9
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

Mature platelet precursor

Do NOT have a nuclei

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10
Q

Giant platelets

A

BM response to thrombocytopenia

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11
Q

In house labwork

A

PCV/TS

Blood smear

Platelet count

Reticulocyte count

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12
Q

PCV/TS

A

Plasma

Buffy coat

RBC’s

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13
Q

Splenic contraction

A

30% of RBC’s stored in the spleen

PCV will increase, TP will NOT

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14
Q

Low TP

A

PLE, PLN, blood loss, fluid overload

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15
Q

Slide evaluation

A

Feathered edge

Monolayer

Body

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16
Q

Monolayer

A

MAGIC

50:50 RBC’s touching:not touching

Highest magnification

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17
Q

Monolayer with anemia

A

LONG!!!

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18
Q

Monolayer highly concentrated

A

SHORT!!

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19
Q

K9 RBC

A

1/3 central pallor

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20
Q

Feline RBC

A

Lack central pallor!

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21
Q

Agglutination

A

3D stacking appearance of RBC

IgM antibodies, causing RBC’s to stick together!

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22
Q

Rouleaux

A

Coin stacking appearance

Healthy - cats

NOT healthy - dogs

Hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia

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23
Q

Difference between agglutination and rouleaux

A

ADD SALINE!

Rouleaux - disperse the cells

Agglutination - won’t disperse

Cell wash - needed for blood typing and crossmatching

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24
Q

Polychromasia

A

BLUE or PURPLE in color

Immature RBC’s

BM response - 3-5 days!!

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25
Reticulocytes
NMB stain BLUE granular inclusions YOUNG - aggregate (AGE) OLD - punctate (PUNK) K9 - mature FAST! Felines do NOT
26
nRBC’s
Immature RBC VERY dark BLUE nucleus Low # - regenerative anemia Large # - breakdown in blood and BM barrier Presence in acute trauma = poor prognosis!!
27
Poikilocytosis
Any deviation in RBC from normal
28
Spheroctyes
Smaller in size, lack central pallor IMHA Bee sting, coral snake envenomation
29
Echinocytes
Spiculated RBC’s, burr cells Excessive EDTA Chemo drugs Renal disease in K9 Snake envenomation w/in 24 hours of bite
30
Schistocytes
Fragmented RBC DIC in K9, NOT Feline Liver disease Iron deficiency “Oh shit” = DIC
31
Leptocytes
Bull’s eye or Target Regenerative anemia Large Dogs - have low # without disease
32
RBC inclusion
Same plane as RBC and NEVER refractive!
33
Heinz-Body
Small, round bumps found on the side or inside the cell 5% normal in cats Oxidative injury - acetaminophen, zinc, propylene glycol DM, DKA, Hyperthyroid, Lymphoma
34
Howell-Jolly Body
Small, round, purple Low # - normal in dogs and cats Large # - regenerative anemia
35
Babesia
Forms a ring with a dark staining nucleus on one side of the cell
36
Left shift
When bone marrow supply can’t keep up with the demand it pushes out immature neutrophils, or bands Overwhelming inflammation or infection
37
Degenerative left shift
Exhausted supply of neuts = poor prognosis
38
Toxic changes
Accelerated maturation Dohle bodies Cytoplasmic basophilia Cytoplasmic vacuolation Nuclear immaturity Toxic granulation
39
Dohle bodies
Pale, round or linear aggregates writhin the cytoplasm Small # normal in cats
40
Cytoplasmic basophilia
Streaky and irregular cytoplasm
41
Cytoplasmic vacuolation
Frothy appearance
42
Toxic granulation
Red granules in cytoplasm - RARE!
43
Eosinophils
Released at sites of allergic reaction Do not remain in circulation very long
44
Basophils
HISTAMINE & HEPARIN
45
Monocytes
Largest WBC No granules, large cytoplasm that contain vacuoles
46
Lymphocytes
Only WBC not capable of phagocytosis T-cells, B-cells, and Natural killer cells
47
T-cells
Thymus Replicate itself - killer, helper, and suppressor ACQUIRED immune system
48
B-cells
Humoral immunity -lymph nodes and spleen Plasma cells clone themselves ACQUIRED immune system’s primary defense
49
Natural killer
INNATE immune system that attack abnormal cells and release cytokines
50
Acquired immune system
T-cells and B-cells
51
Lymphocytosis
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
52
Reactive lymphocytes
“Recently vaccinated”
53
Granular lymphocytes
Erlichia CKD Primary leukemia
54
Mastocytemia
Cats - mast cell neoplasia Dogs - inflammation
55
Anemia
RBC loss, destruction, decreased production, decreased hemoglobin
56
Regenerative anemia
Delayed process - 3-5 days!!
57
Non-regenerative anemia
RBC’s may appear normal, but #’s are decreased BM has decreased ability to produce
58
Erythropoiesis failure
Primary - immune mediated, acquired Secondary - metabolic derangements, aplastic anemia, marrow infiltration
59
IMHA
Antibodies - IgM, IgG, IgA Primary - idiopathic Secondary - immunologic response
60
Intravascular IMHA
Massive cell lysis releases free hemoglobin
61
Blood smear w/ IMHA
nRBC’s, polychromasia, reticulocytes, and spherocytes seen in 89-95% of IMHA
62
CBC w/ IMHA
Regenerative anemia, leukocytosis w/ left shift, lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia and increase reticulocytes
63
Polycythemia
PCV >70% Increased RBC’s Elevated hemoglobin Primary - abnormal myeloid stem cells Secondary - increased levels of erythropoietin causes overproduction of RBC’s
64
Relative polycythemia
Hemoconcentration due to shifting of fluids out of the intravascular spaces due to dehydration Most commonly seen in ER due to V/D
65
Leukocytosis
Elevated WBC’s, inflammation
66
Neutrophilia
Demand exceeds supply of mature cells, a left shift will be noted
67
Regenerative left shift
Increase in bands, majority mature
68
Degenerative left shift
Majority being bands POOR PROGNOSIS!
69
Physiologic leukocytosis
Transient shift in mature neutrophils from storage pools into circulation “Fight or flight” response - fear, excitement, strenuous exercise More common in cats
70
Inflammatory neutrophilia
Fever, weight loss, infected wounds, loss of appetite
71
Stress leukogram
Increases in leukocytes following an increase in corticosteroids (Stress - steroids)
72
Leukopenia
Low WBC count, due to neutropenia Neut count <1000/uL = risk for sepsis
73
ITP
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia - destruction of platelets Primary - idiopathic Secondary - infection, inflammatory, neoplastic, or toxic 4 mechanisms - sequestration, consumption, hypo proliferation, and destruction
74
IMHA + ITP
Evan’s syndrome
75
Effusions
Pure Transudate Modified Transudate Exudate
76
Pure Transudate
PURE - PLE, PLN, portal TP - <2.5g/dL Cell count - <1000/uL Colorless, clear
77
Modified Transudate
TP - 2.5-7.5g/dL Cell count 1000-7000/uL Heart failure, diaphragmatic hernia, lymphoma
78
Exudate
>3g/dL Cell count >7000/uL Septic FIP - <7000/uL, but TP >4.5g/dL Non-septic - pancreatitis, peritonitis
79
Septic peritonitis
BG - >20mg/dL difference lower than peripheral Lactate - >2.5mmol/L higher than peripheral

VTS ECC (9 decks)

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