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VTS ECC > Week 6 - Pharmacology > Flashcards

Week 6 - Pharmacology Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

4 physiological processes for drugs course

A

ADME process:

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

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2
Q

Movement of a drug from the site of administration to the circulatory system

A

Absorption

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3
Q

A drug must reach its site of action at a high enough concentration for a sufficient period for a response to be produced

A

Distribution

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4
Q

A drug has reached its site of action and produced a clinical effect

A

Metabolism or biotransformation

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5
Q

Removal of the drug from the body

A

Elimination

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6
Q

Drugs in this system can be reabsorbed later in the GI tract and then back into the circulatory system

A

Biliary

Enterohepatic recycling

(Why activated charcoal and cholestyramine is administered more than once)

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7
Q

Cats cannot synthesize _____ which can result in toxicity

A

Glucuronic acid

(Acetaminophen toxicity)

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8
Q

In the absence of a loading dose, a CRI will reach steady-state plasma concentration in ____

A

3-5 drug half-lives

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9
Q

Drugs that bind to a receptor and activate it to mimic the effect of the endogenous ligand

A

Agonists

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10
Q

Full agonists that produce full efficacy

A

Full mu-agonist opioid morphine

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11
Q

Drugs that activate the receptor but only have partial or incomplete efficacy

A

Partial agonists

Partial mu-agonist opioid buprenorphine

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12
Q

A drug binds to a receptor and blocks the response that is elicited when the endogenous ligand binds to the receptor

A

Antagonists

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist

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13
Q

Drugs that behave as an agonist at one receptor site and then as antagonist at another site

A

Agonist-antagonist

Mixed

Butorphanol

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14
Q

Amount of drug needed to produce a given effect

A

Potency

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15
Q

Therapeutic index

A

LD50/ED50

Lethal dose/median effective dose

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16
Q

Pediatric patients may have fewer ____ and decreased ability to perform _____

A

Cytochrome P450
Glucuronidation

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17
Q

Emetic choice in cats

A

Xylazine

(Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist)

Or dexmedetomidine

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18
Q

Only peripheral acting emetic employed today

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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19
Q

Contraindication for metoclopramide use

A

Intussusception

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20
Q

The site where most drug biotransformation takes place

A

Liver

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21
Q

The site for most oral drug absorption

A

Small intestine

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22
Q

Breeds that have increased sensitivity to drug distribution

A

Australian shepherd
Collie
Long-hair whippet
Herding breed

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23
Q

Which drugs do herding breeds have increased sensitivity to?

A

Ivermectin, chemotherapy

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24
Q

Removal of drug from the body

25
How are drugs eliminated through the body?
Via urine through the kidney Bile, sweat, milk, tears, and expired air
26
Antiemetic that facilitates gastric emptying and increases lower esophageal sphincter tone
Metoclopramide
27
Serotonin antagonist antiemetic
Ondansetron 5-HT3 CRTZ of brain
28
Neurokinin-1 antagonist that blocks substance P
Maropitant
29
Drug that be used as antitussive
Maropitant
30
PPI’s
Proton pump inhibitor Omeprazole, pantoprazole Inhibits Na/K-ATPase pump activity for acid suppression
31
H2 histageneric antagonists “blockers”
Famotidine, ranitidine Reduces stomach acid production H2 =“Dine”
32
Decreases stomach acid production, increases mucus production, and prevent NSAID induced injury. Must wear gloves!
Misoprostol
33
Classification of the 5 classes of antiarrhytmics
Vaughn Williams
34
Class I antiarrhythmics
1. Na, Na, Na Sodium channel blockers Lidocaine Procainamide Ventricular, NOT SVT Sodium = no SVT
35
Class 2 antiarrhytmics
Beta blockers BETA = LOL Propranolol, esmolol, atenolol SVT AND Ventricular
36
Class 3 antiarrhythmics
Potassium channel blocker 3. K’s Amiodarone, sotalol (ota in both) SVT AND Ventricular
37
Class 4 antiarrhytmics
Calcium channel blocker Diltiazem SVT’s, NOT Ventricular Ca = 4 = no vent
38
Class 5 antiarrhytmics
Digoxin - SVT Magnesium - Torsades de pointes Digoxin = risk of toxicity
39
Anticholinergic drugs
Atropine, glypyrrolate Parasympatholytic drug Increase HR and treat vagal mediated bradycardias
40
Loop diuretic
Furosemide Inhibits reabsorption of Na and Cl Used in oliguric or anuric renal disease
41
Osmotic diuretic
Mannitol Causes a fluid shift from intracellular to intravascular space Cerebral edema, glaucoma, anuric or oliguric renal disease
42
Potassium sparing diuretic
Spironolactone Used in hyperaldosteronism and hearty failure Limits K loss, but hyperkalemia can be serious side effect
43
Inotropic vasodilator drug used in the treatment of CHF and pulmonary hypertension
Pimobendan
44
ACE inhibitors that treat cardiac disease, proteinuria, slow cardiac remodeling
Benazapril, enalapril ACE = PRIL = AFTER Block conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II Don’t start until patient leaves the hospital
45
Calcium channel blockers
Diltiazem and amlodipine
46
Nitrate drugs
Nitroprusside - CRI Nitroglycerin - transdermal Relaxation, venodilation and vasodilation “Night” = relax, dilate
47
Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist “Alpha-blockers”
Prazosin Acepromazine Vasodilation, afterload reduction, decreased SVR
48
Why do some antiemetics not work on cats?
They don’t have dopamine receptors in their brain DOGS = DOPAMINE
49
Antiarrhythmics
Some (Sodium) Block (Beta blockers) Potassium (Potassium) Channels (Calcium)
50
Opioid classes
1. Not currently used (Heroin, LSD, Ecstasy) 2. Fentanyl, morphine, hydromorphone 3. Buprenorphine (partial mu), methadone (full mu) 4. Butorphanol 5. Antitussives, antidiarrheals
51
Which drug is best choice for patient in CHF with hypotension
Dobutamine
52
What are some immunosuppressive drugs?
Ciclosporin (Atopica) Mycophenolate Azothiaprine
53
How does dobutamine work on the heart
Increases cardiac output by increasing contractility and stroke volume DoBUTamine = increased outPUT Does NOT improve BP in normal cardiac situations
54
How does dopamine work?
Used BEFORE norepinephrine “DOPE KIDNEY” Increase renal flow, increase HR, increase BP, increase CO
55
How is Epinephrine used?
Anaphylaxis Epistaxis CPR Refractory hypotension
56
What is a concern about albuterol toxicity
Hyperkalemia, tachycardia AL = albuterol Potassium remains intracellular
57
What drug has both central and peripheral nervous system effects and blocks CRTZ dopamine action in brain
Metoclopramide Not in cats No GI obstructions!!
58
What pro kinetic that only acts on enteric neurons?
Cisapride

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