week 3-functional neuroanatomy

Question 1

How do you determine the function of a specific region of the brain through lesion?

Answer 1

Subjects with lesions in those regions may have extraordinary behavioral impairments

Question 2

How do you determine the function of a specific region of the brain through stimulation?

Answer 2

Brain regions can be stimulated electrically to see how the subject behaves, what they see/how they react.

Question 3

How do you determine the function of a specific region of the brain through imaging?

Answer 3

Measure activation of the region while the subject is performing a specific task

Question 4

functions of the frontal lobe

Answer 4

• executive functions
• thinking, planning, organizing and provlem solving
• emotions and behavioral control
  -personality

Question 5

functions of the motor cortex

Answer 5

movement

Question 6

functions of the sensory cortex

Answer 6

sensations

Question 7

functions of the temporal lobe

Answer 7

• memory
• understanding
• language
• facial recognition

Question 8

functions of the parietal lobe

Answer 8

• perception
• making sense of the world
• arithmetic
• spelling

Question 9

functions of the occipital lobe

Answer 9

vision

Question 10

functions of the cerebellum

Answer 10

coordination

Question 11

For the sensory regions, the ____ cortex processes visual imaging, ____ cortex is responsible for bodily sensations (such as pain, pressure, and touch), and the ____ ____ processes smell

Answer 11

visual; somatosensory; olfactory bulb

Question 12

The ____ area is responsible for undersatnding language, the ____ area produces language, and the actual muscular movement involved in producing language is executed by the ____ ____

Answer 12

Wernicke’s; Broca’s; Motor cortex

Question 13

Patients with ____ aphasia can produce language but can’t comprehend it; patients with ____ aphasia can comprehend language but can’t produce it

Answer 13

Wrenicke’s; Broca’s

Question 14

The ____ ____ is involved in contracting muscles, learning movements and patterns of complex muscular patterns

Answer 14

motor cortex

Question 15

The ____ is responsible for motor coordination and procedural learning

Answer 15

cerebellum

Question 16

The ____ ____ can be divided into 2 subcategories: the ____ striatum (also called the nucleus ____) and ____ striatum (also called ____-____)

Answer 16

basal ganglia; ventral; accumbens; dorsal; caudate-putamen

Question 17

The ____ striatum is responsible for rewards, and the ____ striatum is responsible for voluntary movement

Answer 17

ventral; dorsal

Question 18

The degeneration of movement in Parkinson’s disease can be attributed to…

Answer 18

degeneration of dopamine neurons that project to the dorsal striatum, making it difficult to voluntarily control movement

Question 19

The dorsal striatum has dopamine terminals that project from ____ ____

Answer 19

substantia nigra

Question 20

The ventral striatum has dopamine terminals that project from ____ ____ ____

Answer 20

ventral tegmental area

Question 21

The motor regions of the brain includes ____ ____, ____, ____ ____ (can be divided into ____ ____ and ____-____)
(use the scientific names of striatums!)

Answer 21

motor cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen

Question 22

The limbic system is composed of the ____ ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____

Answer 22

Frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus

Question 23

The ____ cortex is responsible for attention, arousal, personality, and behavioral inhibition

Answer 23

frontal

Question 24

The ____ cortex can be further divided into three areas: ____ ____ ____, ____ cortex, and the ____ cortex. (Hint: the first of these three areas can cause problems when interpreting fMRI results.)

Answer 24

frontal; anterior cinculate cortex; prefrontal; orbitofrontal

Question 25

The three subareas of the frontal cortex (____ ____ cortex, ____ cortex, and the ____ cortex) are all involved in the function of ____

Answer 25

anterior cinculate; prefrontal; orbitofrontal; arousal

Question 26

The ____ is responsible for learning, memory, stress management, and emotional motivation

Answer 26

hippocampus

Question 27

The hippocampus can be divided into two areas: The ____ ____ that forms new memory, and ____-____ ____ involved in learning

Answer 27

dentate gyrus; CA1-CA3 fields

Question 28

The ____ is responsible for fear and emotional salience. Lesion in this area can cause lack of fear and less emotional arousal.

Answer 28

Amygdala

Question 29

The limbic system is composed of the ____ ____, ____, ____, ____, and the ____

Answer 29

frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus

Question 30

Fearful stimulus that gets to the ____ can be shunt directly to the ____ and then to the ____ cortex. This allows animals to avoid a fearful stimuli without having the brain to comprehend the meaning of it, while being able to react with consideration.

Answer 30

thalamus; amygdalal; visual

Question 31

The ____ is where the dopamine neurons cell bodies reside. There are two major areas: ____ ____ that affects voluntary control of movement, and ____ ____ ____, the dopamine reward region.

Answer 31

midbrain; substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area

Question 32

The ____ is a part of limbic system taht is responsible for autonomic functions

Answer 32

Hypothalamus

Question 33

The ____ is a part of limbic system taht is responsible for sensory and motor integration, and it is where all sensory input are first received.

Answer 33

thalamus

Question 34

The ____ ____ is a part of hypothalamus that controls reproduction functions/hormones

Answer 34

preoptic area

Question 35

The ____ ____ ____ (PVN) is a part of hypothalamus that controls stress response. It can be stopped with regulation from the ____

Answer 35

Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; hippocampus

Question 36

The ____ ____ is a part of hypothalamus that regulates feeding activities

Answer 36

arcuate nucleus

Question 37

The ____ ____ is a part of hypothalamus that controls sleep wake cycles and the circadian rhythm. Lesion of this area can fuck up your sleep.

Answer 37

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 38

The hypothalamus is composed of 4 areas: ____ area (reproduction), ____ ____ ____ (PVN; stress), ____ ____ (feeding), and the ____ ____ (circadian rhythm)

Answer 38

preoptic; paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; arcuate nucleus; suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 39

The ____ is where the dopamine neurons cell bodies reside. They project to the forebrain, nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum.

Answer 39

Midbrain

Question 40

2 components of the midbrain include the ____ ____ and the ____ ____ ____

Answer 40

Substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area

Question 41

The ____ ____ is a part of the midbrain responsible for voluntary control of movement. It also has neurons that project to ____ ____ (____-____)

Answer 41

Substantia nigra; dorsal striatum; caudate-putamen

Question 42

The ____ ____ ____ is the dopamine reward region of the midbrain. It also has neurons that project to ____ ____ (____ ____) and forms the natural reward circuit

Answer 42

Ventral tegmental area; ventral striatum; nuclues accumbens

Question 43

Parkinson's disease results in degeneration of the ____ ____ --> ____ ____ pathway which controls voluntary control of movement

Answer 43

Substantia nigra --> dorsal striatum

Question 44

The hindbrain nuclei is composed of ____ ____ and ____ ____

Answer 44

Dorsal raphe; locus coeruleus

Question 45

The ____ ____ is a part of the hindbrain nuclei where serotonin neuron cell bodies reside.

Answer 45

Dorsal raphe

Question 46

The ____ ____ is where norepinephrine neuron cell bodies reside.

Answer 46

Locus coeruleus