Week 5-Chemical Neurotransmission

Question 1

Neurotransmitter ____, ____ that break down neurotransmitters, and ____ that clear neurotransmitters from the synapse are all major targets for medications and drugs of abuse

Answer 1

receptors; enzymes; transporters

Question 2

Types of neurotransmitters involves ____, ____ (includes dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin), ____ ____ (glutamate and GABA), and ____ (endorphins)

Answer 2

acetylcholine; monoamines; amino acids; peptides

Question 3

____ is a major neurotransmitter synthesized from the ____ we eat and is synthesized in the body. This neurotransmitter innervates the ____, which means they are widely distributed across the body. They are also a crucial part for learning and memory, and losing them can lead to ____ disease

Answer 3

Acetylcoline; fat; muscles; Alzheimer’s

Question 4

Acetylcholine are eliminated from the synapse by ____ (the enzyme)

Answer 4

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 5

Receptors of acetylcoline can be ____ or ____
(Not asking about ionotropic/metabotropic)

Answer 5

muscarinic; nicotinic

Question 6

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are ____, and they ____ neurons. Muscarine from the ____ ____ (drug name) “mimics” actions of acetylcholine on this receptor.

Answer 6

metabotropic; excite; hallucinogenic mushroom

Question 7

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ____, and they ____ neurons. ____ “mimics” actions of aceytlcholine on this receptor, and this receptor type is distributed on ____ ____.

Answer 7

Ionotropic; excite; nicotine; skeletal muscles

Question 8

Venum from the Taiwanese cobra blocks the ____ receptors of acetylcholine, which causes paralysis

Answer 8

nicotinic

Question 9

Torpedo rays and electric eels generate their electricity by a concentration of ____ receptors on modified muscle cells (acetylcoline)

Answer 9

nicotinic

Question 10

Mushrooms of the Psilocybe species contains psilocybin which mimics the action of ____

Answer 10

serotonin

Question 11

Amanita muscaria contains muscarine which mimics actions of ____on ____ receptors

Answer 11

acetylcholine; muscarine

Question 12

____ is responsible for control of voluntary movement, motivation/reward/addiction, and schezophrenia. This neurotransmitter is synthesized from amino acid ____ that gets transformed by TH (____ ____) into __-____, which is made into this neurotransmitter with ____ ____.

Answer 12

Dopamine; tyrosine; tyrosine hydroxylase; L-DOPA; DOPA decarboxylase

Question 13

Which dopamine projection is responsible for Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 13

Substantia nigra –> Caudate-putamen

Question 14

Which dopamine projection is responsible for the brain’s reward circuit?

Answer 14

Ventral tegmental area –> nucleus accumbens

Question 15

Schizophrenia is treated by ____ dopamine level in the brain, while ADHD is treated by ____ dopamine level in the brain. However, both methods are kind of just putting a band-aid on a scar, which doesn’t really solve the root cause.

Answer 15

Decreasing; increasing

Question 16

Dopamine is eliminated by ____ via the ____ ____, or ____ via ____ ____ (MAO, an enzyme that is only in the terminal)

Answer 16

reuptake; dopamine transporter; degradation; monoamine oxidase

Question 17

All dopamine receptors are ____, which are both ____ and ____ so that dopamine can ____ neurotransmission among other neurons

Answer 17

metabotropic; inhibitory; excitatory; modulate

Question 18

____ and ____ are involved in stress, arousal, wakefulness, attention, and learning/memory

Answer 18

Epinephrine; norepinephrine

Question 19

____ and ____ are synthesized from dopamine, with ____ only going through dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and ____ needs to go through phenylethanolamine n-methyltransferase as an additional step

Answer 19

Epinephrine; norepinephrine; norepinephrine; epinephrine

Question 20

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are distrubuted in the ____ ____ (brain structure) and affects organs like the ____ gland and the ____

Answer 20

locus coeruleus; adrenal gland; kidney

Question 21

Re-uptake of epinephrine and norepinephrine are done via the ____ ____ (NET) and degradation via ____ ____ (MAO), which is only in the ____

Answer 21

norepinephrine transporter; monoamine oxidase; terminal

Question 22

Receptors of epinephrine and norepinephrine are all ____, ____-____ ____ receptors

Answer 22

metabotropic; G-protein coupled

Question 23

____ is associated with regulation of ____ (ex. depression), learning and memory, sleep and appetite

Answer 23

serotonin; mood

Question 24

serotonin neurons project from ____ ____ to regions all over the ____ and ____ ____. They are synthesized from amino acid ____ which are from the ____ that we eat

Answer 24

Raphe nuclei; brain; spinal cord; tryptophan; proteins

Question 25

Serotonin in the synapse can be eliminated by re-uptake via the ____ transporter and degradation via ____ ____ (MAO), which is only in the ____

Answer 25

serotonin; monoamine oxidase; terminal

Question 26

Receptors of serotonin has at least ____ types and are mostly ____ receptors that carries ____ and ____ functions. *Serotonin neurons are kind of the ____ among other neurons

Answer 26

14; metabotropic; inhibitory; excitatory; modulator

Question 27

2 most prevalent amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain are ____ and ____, with ____ being excitatory and ____ being inhibitory

Answer 27

glutamate; GABA; glutamate; GABA

Question 28

____ is a ____ ____ neurtransmitter in the brain which means it plays a role in nearly every function of the brain and behavior. Its function has been associated with learning and memory and ____ seizures

Answer 28

Glutamate; primary excitatory; epileptic

Question 29

Glutamate is synthesis from amino acid ____ from ____ that we eat

Answer 29

glutamine; proteins

Question 30

Glutamate can be eliminated by re-uptake via the ____ transporter, and degradation via ____ ____

Answer 30

glutamate; glutamate dehydrogenase

Question 31

Where are glutamate distributed?

Answer 31

Everywhere in the brain

Question 32

All glutamate receptors are ____, with 8 types being ____ and 3 types being ____ ex. NMDA, MAPA, Kainate

Answer 32

excitatory; metabotropic; ionotropic

Question 33

____ is the ____ ____ neurotransmitter in the brain which means it plays a role in nearly every function of the brain and behavior. Its function has been associated with calming the brain, sedation, relaxation, sleep, and alcoholism.

Answer 33

GABA; primary inhibitory

Question 34

GABA are synthesized from ____

Answer 34

glutamate

Question 35

GABA can be eliminated by re-uptake via the ____ transporter, and degradation via ____ ____ ____

Answer 35

GABA; GABA amino transferase

Question 36

Where are GABA distributed?

Answer 36

Everywhere in the brain

Question 37

All GABA receptors are ____, and the 3 main types are both ____ and ____

Answer 37

inhibitory; ionotropic; metabotropic

Question 38

____ are proteins with a short chain of amino acids. Classic example would be opioids like beta-endorphin

Answer 38

Peptides

Question 39

The functions of ____-____ is associated with pain relief in both CNS and PNS, and runners high (help relieve pain from inflammation but also produce euphoria)

Answer 39

beta-endorphin

Question 40

Beta-endorphin can be synthesized from the ____ that we eat, and are eliminated by ____ ____ and ____ ____, NOT ____

Answer 40

proteins; enzymatic degradation; chemical breakdown; re-uptake

Question 41

Beta-endorphin neurons project from the ____ to all regions of the brain and spinal cord, also co-released by other neurons. It is also released as a hormone by cells in the ____ ____

Answer 41

hypothalamus; pituitary gland

Question 42

3 types of receptors of beta-endorphin includes ____, ____, and ____, which are all ____ and ____

Answer 42

mu; kappa; delta; inhibitory; metabotropic