Week 3 Lec: Hematopoiesis Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
When does hematopoiesis stop?
A
only after death
2
Q
It is a continuous, regulated process of blood cell production.
A
Hematopoiesis
3
Q
Hematopoiesis is a continuous, regulated process of blood cell production that includes?
A
- cell renewal
- proliferation
- differentiation
- maturation
4
Q
What are the two developments of hematopoiesis?
A
- Pre-natal
- Post-natal
5
Q
Pre-natal development is also called as?
A
Embryonic/Fetal Development
6
Q
Post-natal development is also called as?
A
Adult Development
7
Q
3 phases of pre-natal development?
A
Mesoblastic, Hepatic, and Medullary phase
8
Q
Other name for mesoblastic phase?
A
Primitive hematopoiesis/Yolk sac phase
9
Q
When does the mesoblastic phase begin?
A
begins around the 19th day of embryonic development after fertilization
10
Q
Primitive erythrocytes from the mesoblastic phase arise from?
A
mesodermal cells
11
Q
The cells from the mesoderm migrate to the _________ and become primitive erythrocytes.
A
yolk sac
12
Q
Transient yolk sac erythroblasts are important in early ________ to produce ________ .
A
embryogenesis; hemoglobin
13
Q
What are the 3 embryonic hemoglobins that are important in transporting oxygen?
A
Gower-1, Gower-2, and Portland
14
Q
What globin chain starts its production at the mesoblastic phase?
A
Alpha globin chain
15
Q
Globin chain combination of Gower I?
A
2 epsilon, 2 zeta
16
Q
Globin chain combination of Gower II?
A
2 alpha, 2 epsilon
17
Q
Globin chain combination of Portland?
A
2 zeta, 2 gamma
18
Q
If the globin chain combination has only 1 instead of 2 epsilons, for example, what condition could occur?
A
Thalassemia
19
Q
Other name for hepatic phase?
A
Definitive hematopoiesis
20
Q
When does hepatic phase begin?
A
begins at 5 to 7 gestational weeks
21
Q
The hepatic phase is characterized by?
A
recognizable clusters of developing erythroblasts, granulocytes, and monocytes colonizing the fetal liver, thymus, spleen, placenta
22
Q
The developing erythroblasts signal the beginning of __________ with a decline in __________ of the yolk sac.
A
definitive hematopoiesis; primitive hematopoiesis
23
Q
Hematopoiesis during hepatic phase occurs __________, with the _____ remaining the major site of hematopoiesis during the second trimester of fetal life.
A
extravascularly; liver
24
Q
What type of hemoglobin is present during the hepatic phase?
A
Hemoglobin F and A
25
The developing _____,_____,_____, and _____ contribute to the hematopoietic process during hepatic phase.
spleen, kidney, thymus, and lymph nodes
26
_____, the first fully developed organ in the fetus, is the major site of _____.
Thymus; T cell production
27
_____ produce B cells during hepatic phase.
Kidney and Spleen
28
Kidney and Spleen produce _____ during hepatic phase.
B cells
29
Globin chain combination of Hemoglobin F?
2 alpha, 2 gamma
30
During the _____ month of fetal development, hematopoiesis begins in the bone marrow cavity.
fifth
31
During the fifth month of fetal development, hematopoiesis begins in the ________.
bone marrow cavity
32
Other name for medullary phase?
Myeloid phase
33
Hematopoietic activity, especially myeloid activity, is apparent during this stage of development, and the myeloid-to-erythroid ratio gradually approaches __________.
3:1 (adult levels)
34
Measurable levels of _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ can be detected during medullary phase.
erythropoietin (EPO)
(G-CSF)
(GM-CSF)
hemoglobins F and A
35
A growth factor stimulating the production of RBC.
Erythropoietin
36
Where is the source of erythropoietin?
Kidney
37
They stimulate the production of granulocytes.
G-CSF and GM-CSF
38
Chief site of the medullary phase?
bone marrow
39
Globin chain combination of Hemoglobin A?
2 alpha, 2 beta
40
Globin chain combination of Hemoglobin A2?
2 alpha, 2 delta
41
What is the degradation product of hemoglobin A?
Hemoglobin A2
42
In adults, hematopoietic tissue is located in the?
– bone marrow
– lymph nodes
– spleen, liver
– thymus
43
The bone marrow of adults contain developing?
erythroid, myeloid, megakaryocytic, and lymphoid cells
44
What do you call the hematopoietic cells responsible for RBCs?
erythroid
45
What do you call the hematopoietic cells responsible for granulocytes?
myeloid
46
What do you call the hematopoietic cells responsible for the production of platelets?
megakaryocytic
47
Lymphoid development occurs in ______ and _____ lymphoid tissue.
primary; secondary
48
Primary lymphoid tissue is located in?
bone marrow and thymus
49
This is where T and B lymphocytes are derived.
Thymus
50
This is where lymphoid cells respond to foreign antigens.
Secondary lymphoid tissue
51
Secondary lymphoid tissue consists of?
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
52
Give the primary locations of bone marrow in adult humans.
Ribs
Sternum, Skull, Scapula
Vertebra
Pelvis
53
Organs involved in post-natal development?
1. Bone marrow
2. Liver
3. Spleen
4. Lymph Nodes
5. Thymus
54
It is one of the largest organs in the body.
Bone Marrow
55
Major function of bone marrow?
proliferation and production of blood cells
56
Two major components of Bone Marrow?
Red marrow and Yellow marrow
57
It is the hematopoietically active marrow consisting of the developing blood cells and their progenitors (flat bones of the skull, clavicle, sternum, ribs, vertebrae and pelvis).
Red marrow
58
These are "undifferentiated cells".
progenitors
59
2 types of progenitors?
common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor
60
4 Main Functions of Red Bone Marrow?
– Production of blood cells
– Destruction of erythrocytes
– Iron storage (from Hb breakdown)
– Central organ for B lymphocyte development
61
It is the hematopoietically inactive marrow composed primarily of adipocytes and (fat cells), with undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and macrophages.
Yellow marrow
62
________ becomes abundant during 5 and 7 years of age where they occupy the spaces in the long bones previously dominated by red marrow.
Yellow marrow
63
Yellow marrow becomes abundant during ____________ where they occupy the spaces in the long bones previously dominated by red marrow.
5 and 7 years of age
64
The process of replacing the active marrow by adipocytes (yellow marrow) during development is called ___________.
retrogression
65
Yellow marrow is capable of reverting back to active marrow in cases of increased demand on the bone marrow, such as in _____________.
excessive blood loss or hemolysis
66
Plays an important role in stem cell differentiation and proliferation.
Hematopoietic Microenvironment
67
It is responsible for supplying semifluid matrix (stroma) that serves as an anchor for the developing hematopoietic cells.
Hematopoietic Microenvironment
68
It is a semifluid matrix that serves as an anchor for the developing hematopoietic cells.
Stroma
69
Composition of Stroma?
1. Endothelial cells
2. Adipocytes
3. Macrophages
4. Osteoblasts
5. Osteoclasts
6. Reticular cells (fibroblasts)
70
They regulate the flow of particles entering and leaving hematopoietic spaces.
Endothelial cells
71
They secrete various steroids that influence erythropoiesis and maintain bone integrity and regulates the volume of marrow.
Adipocytes
72
They function in phagocytosis and secretion of various cytokines that regulate hematopoiesis.
Macrophages
73
They are bone-forming cells that have water bug or comet appearance (plasma cell).
Osteoblasts
74
Osteoblasts have a _______ appearance.
water bug or comet
75
They are bone resorbing cells or destroying cells.
Osteoclasts
76
They support the vascular sinuses and hematopoietic cells.
Reticular Cells (fibroblasts)
77
Composition of Extracellular Matrix of BM?
1. Proteoglycans/Glycosaminoglycans
2. Fibronectin
3. Collagen
4. Laminin
5. Hemonectin
6. Thrombospondin
78
The composition of the extracellular matrix of the bone marrow are for?
adhesion to the hematopoietic environment; if no adhesion takes place, then structural integrity will be destroyed
79
_____ serves as the major site of blood cell production during the second trimester of fetal development.
Liver
80
The liver is capable of ___________ hematopoiesis.
extra medullary
81
Functions of the liver?
– protein synthesis and degradation, coagulation factor synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
– drug and toxin clearance
– iron recycling and storage
– hemoglobin degradation
– enzyme activation
– storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals
82
It is the largest lymphoid organ in the body.
Spleen
83
Where is the spleen located?
It is located directly beneath the diaphragm behind the fundus of the stomach in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen.
84
True or False: The spleen is vital but not essential for life.
True
85
Functions of the spleen?
– indiscriminate filter of the circulating blood
– serves as a storage site for platelets
86
If there is no spleen, then there is no storage site for platelets, which could result to __________.
thrombocytosis
87
3 Regions of Spleen?
1. White pulp
2. Red pulp
3. Marginal zone
88
It is the region of the spleen that consists of scattered follicles with germinal centers containing lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
White pulp
89
The region of the spleen that is involved in the normal immune system and responds to infection.
White pulp
90
It is the region of the spleen composed primarily of vascular sinusoids and sinuses separated.
Red pulp
91
The region of the spleen responsible for the removal of old, damaged, and dead RBCs.
Red pulp
92
This region of the spleen surrounds the white pulp and forms a reticular meshwork containing blood vessels, macrophages, and specialized B cells.
Marginal zone
93
Two methods for removing senescent or abnormal RBCs from the circulation?
1. Culling
2. Pitting
94
Method of removing RBCs in which cells are phagocytized with subsequent degradation of cell organelles.
Culling
95
Method of removing RBCs in which splenic macrophages remove inclusions or damaged surface membrane from the circulating RBCs.
Pitting
96
They are members of lymphatic system located along the lymphatic capillaries.
Lymph Nodes
97
Shape and size of lymph nodes?
bean-shaped structures (1-5 mm)
98
Functions of lymph nodes?
1. Play a role in the formation of new lymphocytes from germinal centers.
2. Involved in the processing of specific Ig.
3. Involved in the filtration of particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the lymph node via the lymph.
99
3 regions of the lymph nodes?
1. Cortex
2. Medulla
3. Paracortex
100
The outer region of the lymph node that contains follicles of B cells.
Cortex
101
The cortical region of some follicles develop foci of activated B cell proliferation called ______.
germinal centers
102
The inner region of the lymph node that consists primarily of T lymphocytes and plasma cells.
Medulla
103
The region between cortex and medulla that contains predominantly T cells and numerous macrophage.
Paracortex
104
This organ originates from endodermal and mesenchymal tissues.
Thymus
105
Thymus originates from _____ and _____.
endodermal and mesenchymal tissues
106
It is an efficient, well-developed organ at birth that consist of two lobules each measuring 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter.
Thymus
107
Is the organ responsible in the conditioning of T lymphocytes.
Thymus
108
They are cells that have extensive proliferative capacity.
Stem cell
109
Stem cells have the ability to?
- Ability to give rise to new stem cell
- Ability to differentiate into any blood cells lines
110
___ and ___ are capable of producing all types of blood cells.
HSC; BMC
111
Stem cells differentiate into one or another type of committed stem cells called ________.
progenitor cells
112
3 Possible Activities of HSCs?
1. Self-renewal
2. Differentiation
3. Apoptosis
113
It refers to programmed cell death. A normal physiologic process that eliminates unwanted, abnormal, or harmful cells.
Apoptosis
114
Two theories describing the origin of hematopoietic progenitor cells?
1. Monophyletic Theory
2. Polyphyletic Theory
115
This theory is what we currently use and suggests that all blood cells derived from a single progenitor stem cell called pluripotent HSC.
Monophyletic Theory
116
Monophyletic theory is what we currently use and suggests that all blood cells derived from a single progenitor stem cell called ________.
pluripotent HSC
117
This theory suggests that each of the blood cell lineage is derived from its own unique stem cell.
Polyphyletic Theory
118
Enumerate the Hematopoietic Growth Factors.
1. CSF: Colony Stimulating Factors
a. GM-CSF
b. G-CSF
c. M-CSF
d. Meg-CSF
2. Erythropoietin (EPO)
3. Thrombopoietin
119
These hematopoietic growth factors are specific for various cell lines.
CSF/Colony Stimulating Factors
120
A pan myeloid growth factor that stimulates Granu, -mono, megakaryocyte, and eosinophil progenitors.
GM-CSF/Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
121
Sources of GM-CSF?
fibroblast, T cells, and endothelial cells
122
These hematopoietic growth factors stimulate granulocytes production and functional activation.
G-CSF/Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
123
Sources of G-CSF?
monocytes and fibroblast
124
These hematopoietic growth factors stimulate monocytes and macrophages production activity.
M-CSF/Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
125
Sources of M-CSF?
monocytes, fibroblast, and endothelial cells
126
Sources of Meg-CSF/Megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factor?
mono, fibroblast, and megakaryocytes
127
This hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates proliferation, growth and differentiation of erythroid precursors and may have minor effects on megakaryocytes.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
128
Target cells of erythropoietin?
pronormoblast and CFU-Erythroid (Colony forming unit-erythroid) cells
129
Source of EPO?
kidney
130
Hypoxia causes increased?
EPO production
131
Increased EPO production is caused by?
hypoxia
132
This hematopoietic growth factor regulates production of platelets.
Thrombopoietin
133
Source of thrombopoietin?
Mainly liver, but few is in the kidney
134
The entry of mature blood cells into the intravascular space relies upon?
1. Multiplication of developing cells
2. Gradual maturation
3. Orderly release of cell from bone marrow
135
It is a group of specific glycoproteins called growth factors that regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells.
Cytokines
136
Cytokines include?
1. Interluekins (Ils)
2. Lymphokines
3. Monokines
4. Interferons
5. Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)
6. Chemokines
137
Positive Influence Cytokines include?
1. IL-1
2. IL-3
3. IL-6
4. IL-9
5. IL-11
6. GM-CSF
7. Kit Ligand
138
Interleukin for inflammation?
IL-1
139
Interleukin for regulation of growth and diferentiation of hematopoietic progenitors?
IL-3
140
Interleukin for infection and platelet production?
IL-6
141
Interleukin that promotes mast cell growth and its function.
IL-9
142
Interleukin that stimulates erythropoiesis.
IL-11
143
Interleukins for the differentiation of platelets.
IL-3,6,11
144
Positive influence cytokine for binding?
Kit Ligand
145
Negative Influence Cytokines include?
1. Transforming Growth Factor-β
2. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
3. Interferons
146
The spleen is also called the _________ because all dead cells travel and stay here.
graveyard
147
In a healthy individual, approximately ____ of the total platelet count is sequestered in the spleen.
30%
148
The spleen has a rich blood supply receiving approximately ___/min.
350 mL
149
During fetal development, the restricted, sequential distribution of cells is initiated in the yolk sac and then progresses in the _______________ region.
aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region (mesoblastic phase)
150
Some body organs, such as the thymus, undergo _______ when the human becomes an adult.
atrophy
151
Life span of red blood cells/erythrocytes?
120 days
