Week 4 Lec: Hematopoietic System Flashcards
1
Q
During the maturation of normal blood cells, changes will occur in terms of their?
A
- size
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- chromatin
- granules
2
Q
2 major cytoplasmic changes?
A
a. Loss of basophilia
b. Cytoplasmic granules
3
Q
The cytoplasm of an immature cell is usually _____ or _____ due to RNA content.
A
blue or basophilic
4
Q
The cytoplasm of an immature cell is usually blue or basophilic due to?
A
RNA content
5
Q
Mature cells are less basophilic due to?
A
less RNA content
6
Q
Because mature cells are less basophilic, the color of their cytoplasm would appear?
A
pale
7
Q
In _______ cells, the cytoplasm contains granules.
A
myeloid
8
Q
The granules in the cytoplasm of myeloid cells contain some ______ which distinguishes the myeloid stem cells from other cells.
A
enzyme
9
Q
Red (acidic) dye is also known as?
A
acidophilic or eosinophilic
10
Q
Blue (basic) dye is also known as?
A
basophilic
11
Q
Neutrophilic granules are a combination of?
A
basic and acidic dye
12
Q
Myeloid cells come from what type of progenitors?
A
Common myeloid progenitors
13
Q
Neutrophilic granules are commonly seen in?
A
neutrophils
14
Q
A special feature of the maturation of erythrocyte cells.
A
Elaboration of hemoglobin
15
Q
The series of maturation for erythrocytes consists of how many series?
A
6
16
Q
At first, immature cells contain?
A
no hemoglobin
17
Q
At the mature stage, the nucleus is apparently no longer necessary and eliminated by ______ or ______.
A
nucleolysis or extrusion
18
Q
Example of nucleolysis/extrusion?
A
Erythrocytes/mature RBCs are anucleated cells. They do not need the nucleus anymore when they mature, so they undergo nucleolysis.
19
Q
2 major nuclear changes?
A
a. Structure and Cytochemistry
b. Shape Changes
20
Q
Shape of an immature nucleus?
A
round or oval
21
Q
Term used to describe the nuclear chromatin of an immature nucleus that is very delicate, fine, linear, and uncondensed.
A
Euchromatin
22
Q
The euchromatin gives off what color?
A
pale, blue color
23
Q
As the cells mature, chromatin strands become increasingly coarse and clumped, and are now called?
A
Heterochromatin
24
Q
What color is the heterochromatin?
A
dark stain/dark color
25
True or false: As the cell matures, the shape of the nucleus changes too.
True
26
A type of cell in which in which the nucleus divides into segments or lobes as it grows older.
Granulocytes
27
True or false: The older the cell, the fewer segments or lobes the nucleus has.
False. The older the cell, the more segments or lobes the nucleus has.
28
Example of cells that have segments or lobes in the nucleus.
Neutrophils
29
Neutrophils have 2-5 lobes, but some can have 6, 7, 8, 9, or even 10 lobes. When this happens, the neutrophil is called?
hypersegmented neutrophil
30
Neutrophils become hypersegmented because?
the cell is too old/matured already
31
Hypersgemented neutrophils can be an indication of what disorder?
megaloblastic anemia: presence of hypersegmented neutrophils
32
Reduction in cell size is a feature of all cells except in the?
megakaryocytic series, in which the immature cell is smaller than the fully developed megakaryocyte
33
True or false: Generally speaking, a mature cell is smaller than immature cells.
True
34
The Principle of Normal Blood Cell Maturation is also called?
Synchronistic Maturation
35
Synchronistic Maturation involves 3 major changes?
1. Cytoplasmic Changes
2. Nuclear Changes
3. Reduction in Cell Size
36
The Principle of Abormal Cell Maturation is also called?
Asynchronistic Maturation
37
Asynchronistic Maturation involves 3 major changes?
1. Abnormal Cytoplasmic Differentiation
2. Abnormal Nuclear Maturation
3. Abnormal Size
38
In erythrocytes, abnormal cytoplasmic differentiation is characterized by __________________.
persistent cytoplasmic basophilia and late hemoglobinization
39
Abnormal cytoplasmic inclusion bodies may be found in the cytoplasm of both erythrocytes and leukocytes, especially in the ________.
granulocytes
40
True or false: RBCs normally have inclusion bodies.
False. Normal RBCs do not have inclusion bodies.
41
Examples of inclusion bodies that can be present in RBCs?
- Howell jolly bodies
- Pappenheimer bodies
- Heinz bodies
42
Example of inclusion bodies that can be present in WBCs?
- Alder-Reilly bodies
- Auer rods/bodies
43
In leukemia, the other severe disturbances, two nuclei may be present; one may be _____ and the other may be _____.
diploid; polypoid
44
The nucleus in abnormal nuclear maturation may be _________ or __________.
hypersegmented; hyposegmented
45
In abnormal nuclear maturation, the ________ nucleus takes a longer time to mature than its cytoplasm.
megalocyte
46
Hyposegmented neutrophils, in which nuclei of neutrophils have only 1 segmentation, can be associated with what condition?
Pelger Huet Anomaly
47
What is the problem seen in people with Pelger Huet Anomaly?
lack of Lamin B results to hyposegmentation of neutrophils
48
Abnormally large cells are frequently seen in __________________.
benign or malignant proliferation
49
In erythrocytes series of asynchronistic maturation, the _______ are larger than normal mature erythrocytes.
megaloblasts
50
Three types of Human Stem Cells?
1. Totipotential stem cells
2. Pluripotential stem cells
3. Multipotential stem cells
51
These stem cells are present in the first few hours after an ovum is fertilized.
Totipotential stem cells
52
Most versatile type of stem cell; can develop into any human cell type, including development from embryo into fetus.
Totipotential stem cells
53
These stem cells are present several days after fertilization.
Pluripotential stem cells
54
These stem cells can develop into any cell type, except they cannot develop into a fetus.
Pluripotential stem cells
55
These stem cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. They can be found in adults, but they are limited to specific types of cells to form tissues. For example, bone marrow stem cells can produce all types of blood cells, bone cartilage, and adipose (fat) cells.
Multipotential stem cells
56
Series of maturation: All the blasts (immature cells) can only be found in the?
bone marrow
57
Series of maturation: The mature cells are found in the?
peripheral circulation
58
Series of maturation: Reticulocytes can stay in the peripheral blood for _____ and bone marrow for _____.
1 day; 1-2 days
59
Series of maturation: (True or False) Stabs are immature but can still be seen in the peripheral circulation.
True
60
Series of maturation: _____ or _____ is the first recognizable erythroid precursor.
rubriblast/pronormoblast
61
The multipotential stem cell divides into two progenitors, namely?
common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor
62
Granulopoiesis occurs under what type of progenitor?
common myeloid progenitor
63
The first recognizable cell in the series of granulopoiesis is?
myeloblast
64
General characteristics of blast: size?
large cell with high N:C ratio (nucleus to cytoplasm ratio)
65
General characteristics of blast: cytoplasm?
very dark blue and small in amount in comparison to the size of the nucleus; no granular is present
66
General characteristics of blast: nucleus?
large in size as compared to the size of cytoplasm; chromatin which is reddish purple and indicates predominance of DNA
67
Why is the cytoplasm very dark blue in blasts?
due to high RNA content
68
Components of the Hematopoietic System?
• Erythropoiesis
• Granulopoiesis
• Monopoiesis
• Lymphopoiesis
• Megakaryopoiesis
69
Production of red blood cells is called?
Erythropoiesis
70
Production of granulocytes, including basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils is called?
Granulopoiesis
71
Production of monocytes is called?
Monopoiesis
72
Production of lymphocytes is called?
Lymphopoiesis
73
Production of megakaryocytes to platelets is called?
Megakaryopoiesis
74
Is a process by which erythroid precursor cells differentiates to become mature.
Erythropoiesis
75
The primary regulator of the erythropoiesis is?
Erythropoietin
76
Function of erythropoietin?
it stimulates the production of RBCs
77
N:C ratio in Pronormoblast (Rubriblast)?
8:1
78
The nucleus shape of Pronormoblast (Rubriblast) is _____, containing _____ nucleoli.
round to oval, one or two
79
The chromatin in the nucleus of Pronormoblast (Rubriblast) is _____ in color, open, and contains _____.
purple red; few, fine clumps
80
The cytoplasm of Pronormoblast (Rubriblast) is _____ because of the __________.
dark blue because of the concentration of ribosomes
81
The pronormoblast is present only in the _____ in healthy states.
bone marrow
82
The pronormoblast begins to accumulate the components necessary for __________.
hemoglobin production
83
In the pronormoblast, the proteins and enzymes necessary for _____ and _____ are produced.
iron uptake, protoporphyrin synthesis
84
Globin production begins in the?
Pronormoblast (Rubriblast)
85
The Pronormoblast (Rubriblast) lasts slightly more than _______.
24 hours
86
Pronormoblast (Rubriblast) will give rise to _____ via _____.
2 prorubricytes; mitosis
87
Basophilic normoblast or prorubricyte gives rise to _____ via _____?
4 rubricytes; mitosis
88
Nucleus of basophilic normoblast or prorubricyte:
a. chromatin begins to?
b. N:C ratio?
c. chromatin stains what color?
d. is nucleoli present?
a. condense
b. 6:1
c. deep purple-red
d. yes in the early stage, but may disappear later
89
The prorubricyte is mistaken as the?
rubriblast
90
To differentiate prorubricytes from rubriblasts, what are the characteristic features of prorubricytes?
- Prorubricyte has coarse chromatins
- Absence of nucleoli
91
Cytoplasm of prorubricyte stains?
deeper, richer blue than pronormoblast
92
The basophilic normoblast/prorubricyte is present only in the _____ in healthy states.
bone marrow
93
What type of cell during erythropoiesis does the statement apply?
First stage of hemoglobin synthesis: Detectable hemoglobin synthesis occurs, but the many cytoplasmic organelles, including ribosomes and a substantial amount of messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA; chiefly for hemoglobin production), completely mask the minute amount of hemoglobin pigmentation.
Basophilic Normoblast (Prorubricyte)
94
What type of cell during erythropoiesis does the statement apply?
The chromatin pattern in the nucleus varies during this stage of development, showing some openness early in the stage but becoming condensed by the end.
Polychromatic (Polychromatophilic) Normoblast
(Rubricyte)
95
The condensation of chromatin in rubricyte reduces the diameter of the nucleus considerably, so the N:C ratio decreases from ___ to about ___ by the end of the stage.
4:1, 1:1
96
True or false: Nucleoli are present in rubricytes.
False. No nucleoli are present.
97
Polychromatic (Polychromatophilic) Normoblast (Rubricyte) will give rise to _____ via _____.
2 metarubricytes; mitosis
98
The rubricyte is mistaken as the?
lymphocyte
99
To differentiate rubricytes from lymphocytes and vice versa, what are the characteristic features of each?
- lymphocytes have crushed, velvet nucleus
- lymphocyte cytoplasm is sky blue in color
- rubricytes have checker board nucleus
- rubricyte cytoplasm is muddy or gray in color
100
This is the last stage in erythropoiesis in which the cell is capable of undergoing mitosis.
Polychromatic (Polychromatophilic) Normoblast
(Rubricyte)
101
The first stage wherein the cytoplasm becomes pink occurs in what stage of erythropoiesis?
Polychromatic (Polychromatophilic) Normoblast
(Rubricyte)
102
The polychromatic normoblast/rubricyte is present only in the _____ in healthy states.
bone marrow
103
Polychromatic (Polychromatophilic) Normoblast (Rubricyte) lasts approximately ______.
30 hours
104
Nucleus of Orthochromic Normoblast (Metarubricyte) is?
completely condensed
105
N:C ratio of Orthochromic Normoblast (Metarubricyte)?
1:2
106
What type of cell during erythropoiesis does the statement apply?
The increase in the salmon-pink color of the cytoplasm reflects nearly complete hemoglobin production.
Orthochromic Normoblast (Metarubricyte)
107
True or false: The orthochromic normoblast is not capable of division due to the condensation of the chromatin.
True
108
The orthochromic normoblast is present only in the ________ in healthy states.
bone marrow
109
This cell in the process of erythropoiesis has no nucleus but has mitochondria and ribosomes.
Reticulocyte
110
What type of cell during erythropoiesis does the statement apply?
Last stage to synthesize hemoglobin and last stage in bone marrow before release to the blood.
Reticulocyte
111
Reticulocyte is also called as?
- Polychromatic erythrocytes
- Polychromatophilic erythrocytes
- Diffusely basophilic erythrocytes
- Polychromatophilic macrocytes
112
Reference range of reticulocytes in adults and newborn?
0.5-1.5% in adults, newborn: 2-6%
113
What stain is used for reticulocytes?
Supravital stain and Bromocresol green
114
_________ is one of the best indicators of bone marrow functions.
Reiculocyte count
115
What type of cell during erythropoiesis does the statement apply?
No nucleus is present.
Erythrocyte
116
The mature circulating erythrocyte is a biconcave disc measuring ____ mm in diameter, with a thickness of about ____ mm.
7 to 8; 1.5 to 2.5
117
On a stained blood film, erythrocyte appears as:
a salmon pink-staining cell with a central pale area
118
The central pallor of the erythrocyte is about _____ the diameter of the cell.
one third
119
True or false: The erythrocyte can divide.
False. The erythrocyte cannot divide because they are already mature cells.
120
RBCs remain active in circulation for approximately?
120 days
121
Aging of erythrocytes leads to their removal by the?
spleen
122
Cellular activity of erythrocytes?
The mature erythrocyte delivers oxygen to tissues, releases it, and returns to the lung to be reoxygenated.
