Week 3: Multidimensional models of psychopathology Flashcards
I dont even have a funny quip for this one (39 cards)
What does the tripartite model of emotions include?
A behavioural component, a cognitive component, and a physiological component
What was the first DSM which had each mental disorder operationally defined by a list of specific symptoms and diagnostic thresholds?
DSM3
When did the APA and WHO begin working together on the DSM again?
for the DSM IV
What was the main trends with the DSM IV
- Proliferation of disorders.
- It was the first time research findings were needed to change the DSM
What did the publication of the DSM 5 want to expand upon/ include?
- Influence from genetic and neuroimaging research
- Dimensional systems
- Prodromal syndromes
- Reduction of heterogeneity and comorbidity
- Reduction in times people are diagnosed with “no otherwise specified” conditions
What is the difference between the DSM-5 AND DSM-5 TR
- Revision of minor inconsistencies and slight errors
- Addition of prolonged grief disorder
Which versions of the DSM had the largest increase in diagnoses?
DSM 2 to DSM 3
Important things to remember upon reflection of the ICD and DSM…
- ICD is underfunded but the DSM is lucrative (and costs money)
- Two supposed authoritative voices, but really multiple voices
- Both manuals consist of disorders which cannot be biologically verified.
Key points on the classification of disorders (nosology)
- Identify groups of symptoms which cluster together
- Groups must be separate than others with clear, natural boundaries
- Zone of rarity
What is the zone of rarity:
If you identify a group of symptoms, they must belong to one category and not overlap with another
What is diagnosing?
- Placing an individual’s symptoms into a category
- It’s important to note that there are not clear zones of rarity for some individuals.
- It can be unclear, and sometimes arbitrary
What kind of system of classification is the DSM?
Hierarchical, categorical classification system
What is a classical categorical approach for diagnosis?
Strict categories define disorders (i.e. you either have SAD or you don’t)
What is the dimensional approach to diagnosing psychological disorders?
Classification along dimensions (e.g. people have varying amounts of anxiety in social situations)
What is the nomothetic strategy of diagnosing psychological disorders?
Looking at general laws of being and how individuals fit into this.
Often used to ID specific psychological disorder to make a diagnosis
What is an idiographic strategy for diagnosing disorders?
- Focus on uniqueness of individuals
- Think about what is unique to an individual’s personality, cultural background or circumstances.
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What is reification and is it a good thing regarding disorders?
- Reification is treating abstract concepts as tangible “things” with a real existence.
- Important to remember that diagnostics is for observing symptoms
- Remember that disorders in the DSM are syndromes of observable symptoms
What are some positives of the DSM?
- Improve patient care
- Improved scientific study of mental disorders
- Summarising distinctive features improves communication with educators, providers and the general public
- More reliability in diagnoses
- Realise that mental disorders account for a substantial burden of disease
What are some limitations of the DSM
- Comorbidity
- Heterogeneous disorders
- Culturally limited
- Biomedical in nature
- Susceptible to reification
- Stigma
- Lack of validity (not invalid tho)
- lots of categories- does not decipher well btw normal psychological phenomena and psychopathology
- Atheoretical (not concerned with theory)
What is a psychological disorder defined by the DSM?
- Clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling and behaving
- Dysfunction in psych, developmental and/or neurobiological processes
- Personal distress and / or impairment in functioning
A psychological disorder IS NOT…
- a culturally expected reaction
- not primarily the result of social deviance or conflict with society
Does the DSM take a lifespan approach
Yes
Does the DSM touch on cultural context
Yes, but only in first section
A diagnosis has clinical validity if it offers
- Clinical description
- Lab research
- Natural history (e.g. acute or chronic?)
- Family studies
