Week 3 Part 2

Question 1

TWO TYPES OF APOPTOSIS

Answer 1

natural conditions

pathological conditions

Question 2

natural conditions

Answer 2

• the programmed destruction of cells during
  embryogenesis.
• this is normal apoptosos
• hormone-dependent involution in adults
• a good example is menopause or periods in girls.

Question 3

pathological conditions

Answer 3

-cell injury in certain viral diseases
-when a virus is inside the cell, the cell will die
-death of neutrophils during an acute inflammatory
response.

Question 4

carbon (coal)

EXOGENOUS PIGMENTS

Answer 4

-most common
-it gets into the lungs= ANTHRACOSIS- accumulation of carbon
in the lungs
-the lungs look black
-a good example is miners.
-the lungs react to the presence of the carbon: chronic
inflammation and replacement of the damaged tissue by scar
tissue= COAL WORK PNEUMONCONIOSIS= replacement of lung
damage by scar tissue that has to do with carbon

Question 5

tattooing

EXOGENOUS PIGMENTS

Answer 5

when you remove a tattoo you might get a keloid scar.
-natural reaction to any skin healing is a scar development

-another problem will be allergic reaction to ink. The person
has permanent allergen in the body= blisters on the tattoo.

Question 6

lipofuscin
(lipochrome)
ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS

Answer 6

-represents complexes of protein and lipid derived from
free- radical peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of
subcellular membranes
-also known as wear and tear pigment or brown atrophy**

Question 7

melanin

ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS

Answer 7

-deposition of BLACK pigments
-can be normal and pathological black pigments
-normal= melanin
-melanin is located in the melanocytes which is located in the
epidermis
-it protects our skin from ultra violet radiation

Question 8

homogentisic -pathological black
acid aka
alkapton
ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS

Answer 8

-pathological black
-its accumulation in tissue leads to dystrophic changes of
cartilage and the spine.
-calcium deposition into disc
-can lead to osteoarthritis.

Question 9

bilirubin

ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS

Answer 9

• from red blood cells

- has to do with the liver

Question 10

hemosiderin

-iron

Answer 10

-accumulation in tissues where there is local or systemic
excess of IRON and represents large aggregate of ferritin
micelles

Question 11

LOCAL EXCESS

Hemosiderosis

Answer 11

-raccoon sign and battle sign.
-there are too many red blood cells.
-heme is released and it undergoes chemical changes and the
bruise will change colour.

Question 12

Hemochromatosis

Answer 12

accumultion of 20 to 50 grams.
-associated with a deposition of hemosiderin in many
organs and tissues in the cases of SYSTEMIC OVERLOAD OF
IRON

Question 13

hereditary hemochromatosis

Answer 13

• sometimes known as primary

- this is a genetic disease

Question 14

secondary hemochromatosis or secondary iron overload.

Answer 14

• aquired disease
• increased absorption of iron in the GI tract
• accumulation of extra amounts of iron

Question 15

Bantu siderosis

Answer 15

• accumulation of iron in alcoholic barrels.

- when you drink it, you get hemochromatosis.

Question 16

three outcomes are the most common: in Bantu siderosis

Answer 16

Liver fibrosis(iron interferes with liver function)
(interferes with DNA- people can get liver cancer)
o Cardiac failure- cardiomegaly
o Diabetes mellitus (pancreas failure)

Question 17

hemochromatosis (primary or secondary) is manifested by

many signs and symptoms

Answer 17

Hepatomegaly- enlargement of the liver
o Abdominal pain
o Skin pigmentation – common in areas that are exposed
to the sun
o Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus
o Arrhythmia- ends with cardiac failure
o Temporary arthritis- very unusual

• too much iron in the body
• pigmentation ends with siderosis

Question 18

Wilson’s disease aka hepatolenticular degernation

Answer 18

-genetic disease in males
-results in accumulation of copper in the body (it is important
for function

Question 19

kayser- Fleischer rings

Answer 19

eyes- deposition of copper between cornea and conjunctiva

-green colour

Question 20

Dystrophic

calcification

Answer 20

-deposition of calcium salts into the atrophic or necrotic tissue

Question 21

Ghon’s focus (primary tuberculosis plexus)

Answer 21

-when there is inhalation of microbacteria tuberculosis it usually
goes to the lungs upper lobes of the lungs.

Question 22

GRANULOMA

SPREAD.

Answer 22

accumulation of cells
around the accumulation of bacteria with the purpose of
restricting its spread.

Question 23

systemic sclerosis aka scleroderma

Answer 23

-over activity of fibroblasts (source of components of Connective
Tissue-CT) overproduction of CT CT looks for space so it
atrophies any tissue in the system. (scar tissue replaces the
regular tissue)

Question 24

SCLERODACTYLY (claw like hands)

Answer 24

-skin gets replaced by CT- which shortens and shrinks as it
matures. You get contracture of the joints because of the soft
tissue surrounding it

Question 25

-D- penicillamine

Answer 25

drug made of penicillin with strong cytostatic properties (drug whose function is to prevent replication of cells, used in autoimmune diseases) -it also has good chelating properties (binding of metals and removing them from the body) -it will increase the lifespan of the people. (young boys) -used in wilsons disease and systemic sclerosis (because of its cytostatic properties- suppression of the immune respons

Question 26

Metastatic | calcification

Answer 26

(1) deposition of calcium into the tissue other then necrotic or atrophic (2) hypercalcemia- increased concentration of calcium in the Blood

Question 27

causes: of Metastatic | calcification

Answer 27

(1) increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (2) destruction of bone in: accelerated turnover (Paget’s disease) immobilization tumors (multiple myeloma, leukemias, multiple skeletal metastases) (3) vitamin D related disorders* (a very dangerous vitamin if in too high amounts) (4) sarcoidosis (5) renal failure in secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 28

Ischemia.

Answer 28

-lack of blood supply to tissues or organs -the most injure-able organ from this point of view is 1. the brain. Heart muscle- may develop myocardial infarction. -less vulnerable to ischemia: lungs, kidneys, spleen -they can be damaged, but it is not fatal -least vulnerable to ischemia= liver. -there is no such thing as a liver infarction.

Question 29

Ionizing | radiation

Answer 29

-most vulnerable: 1. hematopoietic organs-the is blood cell production= bone marrow -it can develop leukemias. 2. sexual glands- ovaries and testies (called gonads) 3. hair follicles- after radiation therapy people lose their hair. 4. skin- can get burnt 5. GI tract- after radiation your GI tract burns and you will vomit.

Question 30

Viral infection

Answer 30

-the virus is an intra-cellular parasite- the virus lives within the cells. -different viruses have different tropisms (live in different places) (which makes them function differently)

Question 31

Inflammation

Answer 31

-any bad substances that get into the body promotes the inflammatory response no matter what it is and no matter where it is

Question 32

Acute inflammation Signs and symptoms

Answer 32

-celsus recorded 2000 years ago: - - - - RUBOR- redness CALOR- heat TUMOR- swelling DOLOR-pain -galen added later: - FUNCTIO LAESA- loss of function

Question 33

Acute inflammation Microcirculation level

Answer 33

Arterioles o Capillaries-smallest blood vessels in the human body -has two layers: -1. Basement membrane- the foundation -2. Endothelial cells- cover the inner surface of all blood vessels.

Question 34

Apoptosis

Answer 34

-greek= falling off -a pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated intracellular program in which cells destined to die activate enzymes that degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins.