Week 3a: Energy Transformations Flashcards
What is energy? (5)
- The ability to do work
- Has no mass
- Cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
- Can have different forms
- All life requires a continued input of energy to maintain cell processes
Types of organic molecules: (4)
Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids - needed by organisms to carry out daily processes.
What is an autotroph?
An organism that produces its own energy rich compounds from inorganic materials.
What is a photosynthetic autotroph?
Use energy from sunlight to carry out photosynthesis to produce a chemical store of energy.
What is chemosynthetic autotroph?
Oxidise chemicals to obtain a chemical store of energy.
Heterotrophs need to consume other organisms to obtain their supply of inorganic materials. Why?
They are unable to manufacture these from raw inorganic materials.
What is photosynthesis?
The conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
How is glucose formed during photosynthesis?
The energy from sunlight is used to create bonds between atoms.
Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis: (4)
- Wavelength of light (colour)
- Temperature
- CO2
- Light intensity
- Water availability
Cellular activities which require energy: (4)
- Growth
- Movement
- Repair
- Reproduction
What is meant by GROWTH (cellular activity)?
The uptake of essential requirements and synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and the division of growth of cells.
What is meant by MOVEMENT (cellular activity)?
Requires contraction of muscle cells; requires energy.
What is meant by REPAIR (cellular activity)?
EG: Red blood cells need to be continually made in humans, tissue which have been damaged need to be repaired and skin cells are continually replaced.
What is meant by REPRODUCTION (cellular activity)?
Production of gametes, courting rituals and nurturing requires energy. Also flower production and storage of food requires energy.
ATP stands for:
Adenosine Triphosphate
Aerobic Respiration (equation)
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
Aerobic respiration is the most efficient way of producing energy. Why?
- Many small steps
- Steps are regulated by enzymes
- Reaction rate can therefore be controlled easily
Energy comes from:
The breakdown of energy rich compound glucose
Energy which is not lost as heat is used to:
Make ATP
A maximum of ___ molecules can be produced.
36 ATP molecules
Anaerobic Respiration is also known as:
Fermentation
What is fermentation?
The process of respiration in the absence of oxygen
Glucose is used but not completely broken down. What does this mean?
It releases less ATP molecules than aerobic respiration (only 2 ATP molecules are produced)
Which organelle is not involved in anaerobic respiration?
Mitochondria
