Week 4

Question 1

What are the four representations of the self?

Answer 1

individual self, relational self, collective self, online self

Question 2

aspects and traits that make an individual unique from others

Answer 2

individual self

Question 3

relationships and connections that develop through interactions with others

Answer 3

relational self

Question 4

a person’s concept of them self within a group

Answer 4

collective self

Question 5

the evaluation of the self in relation to how one believes others view them

Answer 5

self-esteem

Question 6

a person’s online representation

Answer 6

online self

Question 7

A feeling that is highly valued in Western culture when a person is pleased with who they are

Answer 7

high self-esteem

Question 8

What are the typical outcomes of high self-esteem?

Answer 8

happier, better adjustment, good relationships and less anxiety and depression

Question 8

Inflated sense of one’s importance and deservingness

Answer 8

narcissism

Question 9

How is narcissism and self-esteem related?

Answer 9

typically not correlated with any type self-esteem

Question 10

What are the three types of narcissism?

Answer 10

agentic, antagonistic, neurotic

Question 11

A need for admiration that is positively correlated with self-esteem

Answer 11

agentic narcissism

Question 12

An arrogant attitude and expressing low empathy. Negative correlation with self-esteem.

Answer 12

antagonistic narcissism

Question 13

Emotional dysregulation and negative correlation with self-esteem

Answer 13

neurotic narcissism

Question 14

What can parents do to increase self-esteem?

Answer 14

give realistic feedback, focus on improvement , give unconditional regard

Question 15

What should parents not do to promote narcissism ?

Answer 15

give inflated praise, focus on superiority over other children, and give conditional regard

Question 16

Children can have different self-esteems for different domains of competence, what are the 5 main domains for children?

Answer 16

scholastic ability, athletic competence, physical appearance, behavioural conduct, and social acceptance

Question 17

The ability to give the self positive feedback or take in feedback from others

Answer 17

self-appraisal

Question 18

When do children typically develop realistic self-appraisal?

Answer 18

in late childhood and adolescence

Question 19

Children who have higher self-esteem have parents whose ____ in family discussions

Answer 19

opinions are considered

Question 20

Children who have lower self-esteem have families that are ___ into their life

Answer 20

intrusive and invalidating

Question 21

Praising effort and strategies used

Answer 21

process praise

Question 22

Praising talents and traits

Answer 22

ability praise

Question 23

Why is process praise sometimes bad?

Answer 23

Adolescents feel like teachers are being condescending and it is not helpful for identity discovery

Question 24

Why is ability praise bad?

Answer 24

decreases students motivation to learn after a failure

Question 25

What type of praise is bad over time?

Answer 25

inflated praise because its usually directed at children with low self-esteem and makes them feel like expectations of them is very high

Question 26

What is a critical consequence of low self-esteem from inflated praise?

Answer 26

start to avoid learning experiences when they think they might fail

Question 27

The definition of oneself as different then others

Answer 27

identity

Question 28

An adolescence has gone through exploration and made a commitment to an identity

Answer 28

identity achievement

Question 29

made a commitment without much exploration

Answer 29

identity foreclosure

Question 30

Involved in exploring but not made a commitment

Answer 30

identify moratorium

Question 31

no identity crisis or achievement, basically no effort made

Answer 31

identity diffusion

Question 32

What are the general influences of identity?

Answer 32

autonomy, making your own decisions, time away from parents

Question 33

What changes occur due to identity exploration?

Answer 33

abstract reasoning, ability to recognize the self in different contexts

Question 34

Recognition of being a member of a particular race or ethnic group

Answer 34

ethnic racial identity

Question 35

based on geographic location, people are categorized based on traits that are visible or social and political constructs

Answer 35

race

Question 36

language, values, beliefs, and traditions to which people are connected

Answer 36

ethnicity

Question 37

Define an individual as similar to or different from members of other groups

Answer 37

social identity theory

Question 38

What are the components of identity?

Answer 38

cognitive, affective and behavioural

Question 39

What are the cognitive facets of identity?

Answer 39

knowledge about group customs, self-identification, constancy,

Question 40

What are the affective facets of identity?

Answer 40

preferences, in-group/out-group attitudes, importance

Question 41

What was an important change that came from the Clark and Clark study?

Answer 41

desegregation in schools due to children having negative attitudes about their in-group and identity

Question 42

What do indigenous children believe about in-group / out-group success?

Answer 42

tend to attribute their own success to luck and others to hard work

Question 43

When a individual or group feels negatively towards their own in-group due to social hierarchies

Answer 43

internalized racism

Question 44

When does ethnic racial identity form?

Answer 44

middle-childhood into adolescence

Question 45

Learning about and adapting to the ethnic origin culture

Answer 45

enculturation

Question 46

learning about and adapting to recieving culture

Answer 46

acculturation

Question 47

adopting the norms both the norms and attitudes of the majority or new culture as wells as values and traditions from native culture

Answer 47

bicultural identity

Question 48

How should parents talk about race?

Answer 48

using a colour conscious approach and making children aware of inequalities and how to address them

Question 49

What theory in the 1970s changed the conversation about gender identity

Answer 49

Androgyny theory

Question 50

What is the recommendation for parents when considering gender identity?

Answer 50

refrain from voicing preference and be open to all outcomes

Question 51

What factors influence gender identity?

Answer 51

gender schemas, self-socializing, biology

Question 52

Cognitive structures for what a typical gender presentation is

Answer 52

gender schema

Question 53

orientation towards gender messaging

Answer 53

self-socializing process

Question 54

What can increase children being comfortable exploring gender identity?

Answer 54

school environment, family attitudes, media representation

Question 55

At what age do children understand simple social norms?

Answer 55

1.5 years old

Question 56

How do children learn about others?

Answer 56

thought emotions

Question 57

Why is important for children to have disputes?

Answer 57

promotes problem solving in later development and expressing frustration is a productive way

Question 58

Why is the false belief task not the best way to measure theory of mind?

Answer 58

requires more skills then just theory of mind