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DTN101 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a nutrition assessment?

A

A nutrition assessment evaluates a person’s health from a nutrition perspective.

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2
Q

What sources are used to gather information for a nutrition assessment?

A
  • Historical information
  • Anthropomorphic measurements
  • Physical examination
  • Biochemical analyses (lab tests).
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3
Q

What types of historical information can be gathered?

A
  • Medical history
  • Personal and social history
  • Medication and supplements history
  • Food and nutrition history
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4
Q

What is discussed when taking medical history information?

A

Current and previous mental, emotional, and physical health problems, treatments, and surgeries; chronic disease risks; and family medical history that affect nutrient needs, nutrition status, or the need for intervention to prevent or alleviate health problems.

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5
Q

What does medical history information help identify?

A

Conditions and treatments that might interfere with food intake or require dietary adjustments.

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6
Q

What medical conditions are associated with malnutrition?

A
  • Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  • Alcoholism
  • Anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa
  • Burns (extensive or severe)
  • Cancer and cancer treatments
  • Coeliac disease
  • Chewing or swallowing difficulties (including poorly fitted dentures, dental caries, missing teeth, and mouth ulcers)
  • Decubitus ulcers (pressure sores)
  • Dementia or other mental illness
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Feeding disabilities
  • Infections
  • Inflammatory bowel diseases
  • Kidney disease
  • Liver disease
  • Malabsorption
  • Surgery (recent or major)
  • Vomiting (prolonged or severe)
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7
Q

What information might also be gathered as part of the medical history information that may reveal genetic susceptibilities?

A

Family medical history. This will allow for attempted prevention of genetically susceptible diseases through dietary and other lifestyle changes.

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8
Q

What is discussed when taking personal and social history?

A

Cognitive, educational, family, religious, cultural, financial, and environmental influences on food intake, nutrient needs and diet therapy options.

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9
Q

What effect can financial concerns have on food choices?

A

Financial concerns may restrict access to nutritious food and health care.
In general, the quality of the diet declines as income falls.
An inadequate income puts an adequate diet out of reach when the ability to purchase the foods required to meet nutrient needs is lost.
Low income affects not only the power to purchase foods but also the ability to shop for, store, and cook them.

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10
Q

What 3 substances may interfere with good health and nutrition status?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Tobacco
  • Illicit drugs
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11
Q

What is discussed when taking medication and supplements history?

A

Medications (prescription and over-the-counter), illicit drugs, dietary supplements, and alternative therapies that affect nutrition status.

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12
Q

What information should be recorded if a person is found to be taking any medication or supplement?

A
  • Name
  • Dose
  • frequency and duration of intake
  • Reason for taking it
  • Any adverse effect signs
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13
Q

What is the definition of a drug?

A

Any substance that modifies one or more of the body’s functions.

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14
Q

Under what circumstances are adverse nutrient-drug interactions most likely?

A
  • If drugs are taken over long periods
  • If several drugs are taken concurrently
  • If nutrition status is poor or deteriorating
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15
Q

In what ways may nutrients and medications interact?

A
  • Drugs can alter food intake and the absorption, metabolism and excretion of nutrients.
  • Foods and nutrients can alter the absorption, metabolism and excretion of drugs.
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16
Q

What information is discussed when gathering food and nutrition history information?

A

Information about food intake and availability, recent weight changes, dietary restrictions, lifestyle and physical activity habits, food allergies or intolerances, nutrition and health knowlege or beliefs, recent food intake, usual food choices.

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17
Q

What information can discussing food and nutrition history provide besides identifying possible nutrient imbalances?

A

Information about what and how a person eats, providing the background about how a person will accept diet changes should they be necessary.

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18
Q

What is discussed when taking food and nutrition history?

A

Food intake and availability, recent weight changes, dietary restrictions, food allergies or intolerances, physical activity habits, nutrition and health knowledge.

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19
Q

What is a strategic compromise that can be made when collecting detailed patient information?

A

Screening patients by collecting preliminary data, such as hight-weight and haematocrit.

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20
Q

What does nutrition screening help identify?

A

Patients who will require additional nutrition assessment.

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21
Q

What are 4 tools used to evaluate food intake?

A
  • 24-hour recall
  • The food record
  • The food frequency questionairre
  • Direct observation
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22
Q

What is a retrospective dietary assessment?

A

One that involves measuring through recall of past intake.

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23
Q

What is a prospective dietary assessment?

A

One that involves measuring future intake.

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24
Q

What are 3 details the assessor will need to know?

A
  • How the foods are prepared
  • When the foods are eaten
  • Beverage consumption inlcuding alcohol or caffeine
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25
What are the 3 types of retrospective (past intake) dietary assessments?
* 24 hour recall * Diet history * Food frequency questionnaire
26
What are the 3 types of prospective (future intake) dietary assessments?
* Food records (or diaries) * Duplicate portion analysis * Observation
27
What are several sources of errors that can affect the accuracy and usefulness of the data collected?
* Dietary records and recalls may lack sufficient detail about the type or amount of food consumed. * Respondents may alter their intake on the day of recording/observation because it is easier to record, to please the observer, or because they are embarrassed by their usual intake. * Respondents may have difficulty recalling their intake for retrospective methods and this is more commonly the case for individuals who do not prepare their own food. * Respondents may also inaccurately estimate and record the portions of food they consume.
28
What is the 24-hr dietary recall dietary assessment method?
24-hour dietary recall allows you to identify what you have consumed over the past 24 hours. This method is usually assisted by an interviewer and conducted face-to-face or by telephone. Interviewers ask participants what they have consumed the previous day with questions about specific foods and fluids consumed including the amount, type and preparation methods.
29
What are the advantages of the 24-hr dietary recall dietary assessment?
* Cheap, easy, quick * Low respondent burden * May also represent usual diet * May be more objective and reliable than a diet history * Interviewer is able to prompt
30
What are the disadvantages of the 24-hr dietary recall dietary assessment?
* May not represent usual intake * Does not capture daily or seasonal variations in eating patterns * May not provide enough data for the intended purpose * May be limited by poor memory or ‘selective forgetting’ * Individuals have a tendency to report an ‘ideal’, average or expected diet
31
What are the uses for the 24-hr dietary recall dietary assessment?
* Establish a recent food pattern. * Research situations where the mean intake of a large group is required.
32
What is is the most effective approach for obtaining an accurate 24-hr recall?
The multiple-pass method
33
What is the multiple-pass method of 24-hour recall?
The interview includes four or five separate passes through the 24-hour period of interest. * 1st pass: the person provides a ‘quick list’ of foods consumed without prompts * 2nd pass: helps the person remember foods that are often forgotten, such as beverages, bread, additions to foods (e.g. butter on toast), savoury snacks and sweets. * 2rd+4th passes: elicit additional details about the foods consumed, such as the amounts eaten, preparation methods, and places where foods were obtained or consumed. * Final pass: provides an opportunity to recall foods and to probe for additional details.
34
What is the diet history dietary assessment method?
Diet history is an interviewer-assisted method that aims to identify an individual’s usual dietary intake. In addition to asking about usual eating patterns, checklists and food diaries may be used to gain a more comprehensive picture of one’s overall intake.
35
What are the advantages of the Diet history dietary recall dietary assessment?
* Assesses usual intake * Includes normal variation such as weekends and seasonal changes * More complete data enables assessment of all nutrients
36
What are the disadvantages of the Diet history recall dietary assessment?
* Interviewer needs training * Hard to standardise (may be done differently with different individuals) * May be limited by poor memory or ‘selective forgetting’ * Takes time to administer (can be 60 minutes or more) * High administrative burden and cost
37
What are the uses for the diet history dietary assessment?
It is used with adults
38
What is the food frequency questionnaire dietary assessment method?
The food frequency questionnaire is a questionnaire based on food lists. The foods included in the lists are those that contribute significantly to nutrient and energy intake in the population of interest. The questionnaires may or may not ask about the actual amount of food consumed. Food frequency questionnaires may be either self or interview administered.
39
What are the advantages of the food frequency questionnaire dietary assessment?
* Cheap, quick * Good for population surveys * Enables focus on specific foods or nutrients * Can be quickly analysed by computer
40
What are the disadvantages of the food frequency questionnaire dietary assessment?
* May receive incomplete responses * Foods may be inappropriate for the population of interest * May not be representative of all foods available * Difficult to estimate overall total intake * May take a long time or a lot of effort for respondents to complete * Needs computer software to analyse
41
Where is the food frequency questionnaire dietary assessment usually used?
Generally conducted in a research situation to ascertain the mean nutrient intake of a group
42
What is the Food records (or diaries) dietary assessment method?
Food records (or diaries) are provided to individuals who then record all foods that they consume over the next one to seven days. They include types and amounts of all food and beverages consumed using weighed measures (scales), household measures (measuring cups) or other estimates.
43
What are the advantages of the Food records (or diaries) dietary assessment?
* Do not rely on the individual’s memory * Accurate description of food consumed over a period of time
44
What are the disadvantages of the Food records (or diaries) dietary assessment?
* Time consuming * High burden on the individual * Poor compliance – major limitation of showing only the actual intake, which may be different from the usual intake (conscious or unconscious changes in eating habits)
45
In what setting is the Food records (or diaries) dietary assessment usually used?
Generally only used in research
46
What is the duplicate portion analysis dietary assessment method?
Duplicate portion analysis involves collecting a duplicate portion of the foods and beverages consumed and then undertaking a chemical analysis of nutrient content of those foods/beverages.
47
What are the advantages of the duplicate portion analysis dietary assessment?
* Accurate for research * Good for unusual or experimental foods
48
What are the limitations of the duplicate portion analysis dietary assessment?
* Respondents may alter their intake * High burden for both the respondent and the administrator * Cost of additional food and lab tests
49
What is the direct observation dietary assessment method?
Observation of food consumption can be done by either video cameras or trained observers. This can especially be done in facilities that serve meals.
50
What are the advantages of the direct observation dietary assessment method?
* Low respondent burden * Accurate; precise details can be obtained * Can be done overtly (respondent aware) or covertly (respondent unaware) * Can reveal a person’s food preferences, changes in appetite, and any problems with a prescribed diet.
51
What are the limitations of the direct observation dietary assessment method?
* High cost * May be obtrusive * Time consuming/labour intensive * Not suitable for studying large populations * Respondents may alter intake when observed
52
What are 2 methods of estimating nutrient intakes from collected food intake data?
* Food composition tables * Diet analysis programs
53
What are anthropometrics?
Anthropometrics are physical measurements that reflect body composition and development.
54
What 3 purposes do anthropometrics serve?
1. To evaluate the progress of growth in women who are pregnant, infants, children and adolescents. 2. To detect undernutrition and overnutrition in all age groups. 3. To measure changes in body composition over time.
55
What do healthcare professionals compare anthropometric measurements to?
Population standards specific for gender and age, or with previous measures of the individual. This reveals changes in an individual's status.
56
What are the 5 main anthropometric measurements and what do they reflect?
* Abdominal girth measurement: Abdominial fluid retention and organ size. * Height-weight: Over and undernutrition; growth in children. * Head circumference: Brain growth and development in infants and children under 2yo. * Skinfold: Subcutaneous and total body fat. * Waist circumference: Body fat distribution, valuable indicator of abdominal fat.
57
What useful estimate and assessment do skinfold measures provide, and what is the reasoning for is this?
Skinfold measures provide a good estimate of total body fat and a fair assessment of the fat's location? Most body fat lies directly beneath the skin, and the thickness of this subcutaneous fat reflects total body fat.
58
What waist-to-hip ratio generally indicates an increased risk of heart disease and diabetes in men and women?
* Men: 0.90 * Women: 0.80
59
What are the 2 most common and useful anthropometric measurements?
Height and weight are the most common and useful measurements.
60
What measurement is used primarily up to age 3? and for children over 3?
* Under age 3: length measurements. * Over age 3: Height measurements.
61
What is the most useful anthropometric measurement used once adult height has been reached?
Changes in bodyweight.
62
What metrics do standard charts of growth compare?
* Weight to age * Height to age * Weight to height

DTN101 (6 decks)

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