WEEK 4, ARTICLE 1 Flashcards
(30 cards)
What global trend is impacting multinational enterprises (MNEs)?
A rise in data regulations, which differ by region (EU, U.S., China).
How do regions differ in their data law focus?
EU: Human rights (e.g., GDPR)
U.S.: Innovation
China: Security and control (technological sovereignty)
What is the “Brussels Effect”?
The EU’s ability to set global standards by exporting its regulations like GDPR and AIA.
When the EU makes a rule, companies around the world follow it — even if they’re not in the EU.
Why is Alphabet used in the article?
As a real-world example of how major companies must adapt to EU laws.
Alphabet is used to show how one company is impacted by many different EU laws — and how it must adapt its services, strategy, and tech to follow the rules. (google, YouTube)
What is the goal of the DSA?
Create safer online platforms by fighting illegal content and increasing accountability.
Who does the DSA apply to?
Online intermediaries — like platforms and marketplaces.
What are VLOPs and what must they do?
Very Large Online Platforms (e.g. YouTube) must do yearly risk assessments (e.g. for misinformation).
What is banned under the DSA?
“Dark patterns” – tricky website designs that mislead users.
Who is exempt from DSA rules?
Companies with <50 employees and <€10 million in revenue
What does Alphabet (YouTube) need to do under DSA?
Increase moderation, provide tools for minors, and launch a transparency center.
What is the goal of the DMA?
Ensure fair competition by regulating powerful digital “gatekeepers”.
What practices are banned under the DMA?
Self-preferencing (promoting their own products)
Cross-platform data use without permission
Lock-in practices (e.g., default apps)
Who is considered a “gatekeeper”?
Platforms with €7.5B+ EU revenue and 45M+ monthly users.
How has Google responded to the DMA?
Added aggregator units and refinement chips to its search to avoid unfair promotion.
What is the goal of the Data Act?
Improve access to data, especially from IoT (Internet of Things) devices.
What must IoT companies do under the DA?
Allow fair access to user data and provide non-discriminatory terms.
How does the DA affect Alphabet?
Google must allow smartwatch data to be shared and introduced “home APIs” for device connection.
What is the goal of the DGA (data governance act)?
Encourage voluntary data sharing and build trust in data platforms.
What is “data altruism”?
Sharing data non-profit for the public good (e.g., research or healthcare).
What are requirements for for-profit intermediaries?
Must be neutral and fair
Must keep marketplace services legally separate from other business units
How is Alphabet affected by the DGA?
If it creates a data marketplace, it must follow strict transparency rules.
What is the goal of the AIA?
Build trustworthy AI by regulating systems based on risk levels.
What AI systems are banned?
Social scoring
Manipulative AI (e.g., emotional tricking)
What is required for high-risk AI (e.g., hiring tools)?
Pre-market checks
Human oversight
