Week 4 DNA, Genetics, Patterns Of Inheritance

Question 1

DNA is composed of:

Answer 1

1. Deoxyribose sugar
2. A phosphate
3. A base

Question 2

A DNA base includes:

Answer 2

1. Thymine
2. Cytosine
3. Adenine
4. Guanine

Question 3

A single strand of DNA is formed between the sugars and phosphates of nucleotides and is know as:

Answer 3

Sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 4

Define complementary base pairing:

Answer 4

1. Exclusive interaction between A and T involving 2 hydrogen bonds
2. Exclusive interaction between G and C involving 3 hydrogen bonds

Question 5

Pyrimidine bases are:

Answer 5

T and C with 1 nitrogen ring

Question 6

Purine bases are:

Answer 6

A and G with 2 nitrogen rings

Question 7

DNA plus protein

Answer 7

Chromatin

Question 8

A process that involves evaluation of the number and content of the chromosomes.

Answer 8

Karyotyping

Question 9

Involves division of the nucleus.

Answer 9

Mitosis

Question 10

Involves division of the cell

Answer 10

Cytokinesis

Question 11

DNA replication requires this to make a copy of the genetic info in each chromosome.

Answer 11

DNA polymerase

Question 12

Since each resulting DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand, DNA replication is termed

Answer 12

Semiconservative

Question 13

Original DNA strand is marked with this so that DNA repair enzymes can identify mistakes.

Answer 13

Methyl group

Question 14

Mutations in germline cells can be

Answer 14

Inherited

Question 15

Mutations in somatic cells are

Answer 15

Not inherited

Question 16

The genetic material is translated into protein by first being converted into an RNA molecule in the nucleus through a process called

Answer 16

Transcription

Question 17

The RNA molecule exits the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is converted into protein info through a process called

Answer 17

Translation or protein synthesis

Question 18

RNA is a macromolecule similar to DNA except:

Answer 18

1. RNA is single stranded
2. The sugar is RNA is ribose
3. Uracil replaces thymine

Question 19

This is 3 nucleotides in the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence that specify an amino acid

Answer 19

A codon

Question 20

Mutations that do not change the amino acid are called

Answer 20

Silent mutation

Question 21

Mutations that alter the amino acid and may or may not alter protein structure and this function are called

Answer 21

Missense mutations

Question 22

Other mutations may introduce a stop to protein synthesis and are called

Answer 22

Nonsense mutations

Question 23

Somatic cells have 2 copies of each chromosomes and are called

Answer 23

Diploid

Question 24

Gametes have only one copy of each chromosome and are called

Answer 24

Haploid

Question 25

Involves the division of the nuclear material of a cell.

Answer 25

Mitosis

Question 26

Stages of mitosis

Answer 26

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 27

Phase of mitosis were nuclear membrane dissolves and 2 copies of each chromosome (sister chromatic) attach at the centromere

Answer 27

Prophase

Question 28

Phase of mitosis where chromosomes are highly condensed and line up on the equatorial plane of the cell

Answer 28

Metaphase

Question 29

Phase of mitosis where sister chromatids and chromosomes are pulled apart

Answer 29

Anaphase

Question 30

Phase of mitosis where nuclear membrane forms around the 2 sets of chromosomes

Answer 30

Telophase

Question 31

Mitosis is followed by the forming of 2 daughter or progeny cells called

Answer 31

Cytokinesis

Question 32

Involves reduction divisions that take a diploids cell and creates a haploid cell with half the chromosomal info

Answer 32

Meiosis

Question 33

Reduction division stage that results in the formation of 2 haploid cells per diploid cell, and in which homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids (copies) remain together

Answer 33

Meiosis I

Question 34

Equatorial division where sister chromatids are separated

Answer 34

Meiosis II

Question 35

Ensures that genetic info in the offspring is unique

Answer 35

Genetic recombination

Question 36

Segments of DNA that control biological characteristics that are passed down from generation to generation (hereditary traits)

Answer 36

Genes

Question 37

Genetic makeup of an organism

Answer 37

Genotype

Question 38

The observable characteristics of an organism produced by the interaction between genotype and the environment

Answer 38

Phenotype

Question 39

A genetic change found in the gametes and thus one that can be transmitted to offspring or inherited

Answer 39

Germline mutation

Question 40

A genetic change in one of the cells of the body that can not be transferred to offspring or inherited

Answer 40

Somatic mutations

Question 41

If both gene copies are the same at a specific allele

Answer 41

Homozygous trait

Question 42

If there are 2 different alleles of a particular gene at a locus

Answer 42

Heterozygous

Question 43

This principle states that 2 members of a gene pair (alleles) separate from each other in the formation of the gametes and that half of the gametes carries one allele and the other half carries the other allele.

Answer 43

Principle of segregation

Question 44

Principle that states genes for different traits assort independently of one another in gamete production and genes controlling different individual loci are not transmitted together to the portent but rather are inherited independently of one another

Answer 44

Principle of independent assortment

Question 45

Caused by a single defective or mutant gene that may be present on one or both alleles

Answer 45

Single-gene disorder

Question 46

Caused by an excess or deficiency of genes contained within a whole chromosome or chromosomal segment

Answer 46

Chromosomal disorders

Question 47

Caused by a combo of variations in a number of genes that together produce or predispose an individual to a serious defect that are often in concert with environmental factors

Answer 47

Multifactorial inheritance disorder

Question 48

A few disorders are characterized by different phenotypes depending upon whether the mutation was obtained from the mother or the father

Answer 48

Genomic imprinting

Question 49

Examples of single-locus genetic disorders that have autosomal recessive traits

Answer 49

CF and SCD

Question 50

Examples of single-locus genetic disorders that have autosomal dominant traits

Answer 50

Achondroplasia (dwarfism) and Marfan syndrome (connective tissue defects)

Question 51

Examples of single-locus genetic disorders that are x-linked recessive

Answer 51

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia A, and G7PD deficiency

Question 52

These affects energy metabolism, present with multiple copies, and are inherited from the mother only

Answer 52

Mitochondrial disorders

Question 53

An autosomal dominant disorder or the connective tissue with not structural changes found in the heart, blood vessels, joints, and eyes. People tend to unusually tall, with long limbs and digits

Answer 53

Marfan syndrome

Question 54

What gene is mutated in Marfan syndrome?

Answer 54

FBN1 gene which encodes the connective tissue protein fibrillin-1, a component of the extracellular matrix including formation and maintenance of elastic fibers. It’s on chromosome 15

Question 55

Results from a deficiency of clotting factor VIII that is caused by an inherited x-linked recessive trait with the defective gene located on the X chromosome.

Answer 55

Hemophilia A

Question 56

Hemophilia affects only

Answer 56

Makes while women are carriers

Question 57

Treatment for hemophilia

Answer 57

Includes replacing factor VIII. Mild hemophilia may be treated with desmopressin which helps the body release favor VIII stored within lining of blood vessels

Question 58

Mutations in this often result in disorders that reflect reduced energy production such as poor growth, loss of muscle coordination, and muscle weakness.

Answer 58

Mitochondrial DNA

Question 59

Complete sets of extra chromosomes

Answer 59

Polyploidy

Question 60

Chromosome number that is not 23. An example is trisomy 21. A common cause is nondisjunction.

Answer 60

Aneuploid

Question 61

Occurs due to nondisjunction and is associated with advanced maternal age.

Answer 61

Trisomy 21

Question 62

This occurs during meiosis when there is failure to separate chromosomes (meiosis I) or sister- chromatids (meiosis II)

Answer 62

Nondisjunction

Question 63

Absence of all or part of the X chromosome. Individuals exhibit short stature and lack ovaries and as a consequence there is a lack of secondary sexual characteristics.

Answer 63

Turner syndrome

Question 64

One or more additional X chromosomes with a normal male composition (XY). Individuals exhibit testicular dysgenesis, enlarged breasts, small testes, and inability to produce sperm.

Answer 64

Klinefelter syndrome

Question 65

Translocations 9 and 22 for a truncated chromosome 22 called

Answer 65

Philadelphia chromosome associated with leukemia