week 4 (endocrine) Flashcards
(33 cards)
name + define: classifications of hormones (3)
-
AA derivatives
- small molecules structurally related to AA -
peptide hormones
- chains of AA -
lipid derivatives
- carbon rings and side chains
- fatty A and cholesterol
name: branches of AA derivative hormones
DERIVATIVES OF TYROSINE
- 2 more branches
⤷ thyroid hormones vs catecholamines
⤷ thyroid ex. thyroxine
⤷ catecholamine ex. epi, norepi, dopamine
DERIVATIVES OF TRYPTOPHAN
- ex. melatonin
name: branches of peptide hormones
GLYCOPROTEINS
- thyroid: TSH, LH, FHS
- kidneys: EPO
SHORT POLYPEP AND SMALL PROT
- many hormones from hypothal., pituitary, heart, pancreas, etc.
name: branches of lipid derivative hormones
EICOSANOIDS
- ex. prostaglandin E
- important paracrine functions
- affect blood clotting
STEROID HORMONES
- gonads: estrogens, androgens, progestins
- transport prot. in plasma
⤷ stay in blood longer
question: mechanism of action for hormone mvt?
LIPID SOLUBLE
- cross cell mem and interact with recep. inside cell
NON LIPID SOLUBLE
- interact with recep. on cell mem
- need second messenger to interact w/ recep. inside cell
explain: types of EDCs (5)
EDC = endocrine disrupting chemicals
-
mimicking hormones
- mimic natural hormones
⤷ bind to recep. and activate them
- can lead to overstim. or incorrect activations -
blocking hormone receptors
- bind to recep. and block them
- disrupt normal hormone signaling -
altering hormone synthesis and metabolism
- interfere with synthesis transport, and metabolism of hormones
- changes lvls of hormones in body -
epigenetic modifications
- causes changes in gene exp. without altering DNA seq.
- can change how cells resp. to hormones -
disrupting cellular signaling paths
- interfere with signaling paths regulated by hormones
- affects cell growth, differentiation, function
question: what feedback loops control endocrine reflexes?
- negative feedback loops
question: how does the hypothalamus integrate the nervous and endocrine systems?
- regulatory hormones from hypothal. are secreted into specialized hypothalamic-pituitary portal capillary system
⤷ system connects hypothal. to anterior pituitary - hypothalamic hormones get delivered to the cells they control in the anterior pituitary
⤷ more efficient and fast delivery
**the hormones also go to posterior pituitary where they get released into the blood but the capillary system makes it faster
name: hormones secreted by pituitary gland (9)
TSH
ACTH (adreno corticotropic hormone)
FSH and LH
GH (growth hormone)
PRL (prolactin)
MSH (melanocyte stim. hormone)
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
OXT (oxytocin)
question: which pituitary gland hormones are secreted by the anterior vs posterior lobe?
ANTERIOR
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL, MSH
POSTERIOR
ADH
OXT
define: adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
- adeno = anterior pituitary
- neuro = posterior pituitary
question: how are thyroid hormones released?
- TSH released by pituitary
- receptors on follicular cells are stim
- TH released
⤷ synthesized by thyroglobulin
explain: role of hormones in regulating blood glucose levels
- insulin: lowers blood glucose
⤷ secreted by beta cells in pancreas - glucagon: raises blood glucose
⤷ secreted by alpha cells in pancreas
explain: adrenal medulla and gland on stress resp.
- adrenal medulla has chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines
- secrete epi and norepi when NS activated
⤷ stim. CVD sys. and regulates hormone release from pancreas - adrenal gland secretes cortisol that triggers E mobilization
explain: closed vs open circulatory systems
- closed = fluid always remains within vessels
- open = fluid enters a sinus at least once in a system
⤷ sinus = open spaces allowing fluid to make direct contact with tissues
question: is there more blood in arteries or veins?
- always more in veins
⤷ no high psi system
define: arterial system vs capillaries vs venous system
- arterial sys = psi reservoir
- venous sys = blood volume reservoir
- capillaries = site of gas and/or nutrient exchange
question: which way do veins and arteries deliver blood?
- arteries distribute blood from heart to body
- veins return blood to heart
question: what is blood made of?
- plasma and cells
⤷ erythrocytes (RBC)
⤷ lymphocytes (WBC)
⤷ monocytes/macrophages (WBC) - hematocrit = proportion of blood that is RBC
question: what are some func. aspects of erythrocytes?
- carry O2
- the hemoglobin in RBC allows it to carry O2
- large SA to V ratio
- can stack to pass capillaries
explain: regulation of erythropoiesis
- erythropoiesis = growth of RBC
⤷ stim. by erythropoietin (EPO) - EPO formed in liver and kidneys
⤷ released when exposed to low oxygen conc.
question: what does EPO do for RBC?
- stim. increased cell division in erythroblasts
- speeds up maturation of RBC
name: order of structures in pathway through the heart
- blood enters from superior and inferior vena cavas
- through pulmonary semilunar valve
- into right atrium
- through right AV valve (tricuspid)
- into right ventricle
- blood goes out to pulmonary arteries to lungs
- blood comes back from pulmonary veins
- into left atrium
- through left AV valve (bicuspid)
- into left ventricle
- through aortic semilunar valve
- up to aorta or down to descending aorta
- blood goes out to systemic organs and lower body
question: relationship between heart valves?
- when AV valves open, semilunar valves close
- vv
