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2) Neuro > Week 4: Sensory Receptors & Ascending Spinal Tracts > Flashcards

Week 4: Sensory Receptors & Ascending Spinal Tracts Flashcards

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1
Q

Stimuli for the Spinothalamic Tract

A

Temperature, Pain, & Pressure

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2
Q

Types of Receptors for the Spinothalamic Tract

A

Thermo, Noci, & Mechano

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3
Q

Location of Synapse for Spinothalamic Tract

A

Lamina 2

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4
Q

Does the spinothalamic tract decussate, and if so, where?

A

Yes. At the same level it enters the spinal cord

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5
Q

How many neurons does the spinothalamic tract have & what route does it take?

A

1st: Dorsal Horn
2nd: Decussates & goes to the VPL of the thalamus
3rd: VPL of thalamus to sensory cortex & insula

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6
Q

What are the tracts that join w/the spinothalamic tract & their fxns?

Where do these tracts join?

A

Spinoreticular-Pain Awareness
*Synapses in the reticular formation

Spinomesencephalic-Pain Control; Turn head & eyes to pain

  • Carries nociceptive info to the
  • Activates descending tracts that control pain

Spinolimbic-Emotional aspect of pain & transmits slow pain

  • Synapses in the thalamus
  • Eventually projects into areas of the cerebral cortex involved w/emotion–>Effects arousal, withdrawal, autonomic, & affective responses to pain

*These tracts join in the brainstem

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7
Q

Stimuli for Medial Lemniscal Tract/Dorsal Column

A

Descriminative (fine) touch, Pressure, Vibration, Conscious, & Jt/Muscle Receptors

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8
Q

Receptors for the Medial Lemniscal Tract/Dorsal Column

A

Free Nerve Endings, Merkel, Ruffini, Pacinian, & Muscle Spindles

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9
Q

What route does the medial lemniscal tract/dorsal column take?

A

1st: Stim of receptors at the distal end of primary neuron goes to the cell body in the dorsal root ganglion.
* Ascends in the ipsilateral dorsal column
* LE axons synapse w/2nd order neurons in the nucleus gracilis (medial part of dorsal column)
* UE axons synapse w/2nd order neurons in the nucleus cuneatus

2nd: UE in nucleus gracilis; LE in nucleus cuneatus
* Decussate as internal arcuate fibers & then ascent to the VPL of the thalamus as the medial lemniscus

3rd: VPL of thalamus to sensory cortex via thalemocortical radiations

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10
Q

What other area of the body does the medial lemniscal tract receive input from & what nerve does it come from?

A

Face; Trigeminal Nerve

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11
Q

What route does the trigeminal nerve take?

A

1st: Trigeminal ganglion to trigeminal main sensory nucleus
2nd: Trigeminal main sensory nucleus, decussates in the pons & travels in the trigeminal lemniscus to the VPM of the thalamus
3rd: VPM of the thalamus to the cerebral cortex (near the lateral fissure)

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12
Q

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract

A
  • Transmits info from the thoracolumbar spinal cord
  • 1 of 2 internal feedback tracts–>Monitors activity of spinal interneurons & descending motor signals from the cerebral cortex & brainstem
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13
Q

How many neurons does the ventral spinocerebellar tract have and route do they take?

A

1st: Cell bodies in the lateral & ventral horns in the area of the spinal cord that’s in the area w/the greatest # of neurons

2nd: Axons decussate & ascend in the anterior spinocerebellar tract to the midbrain
* From the midbrain, axons go to the superior cerebellar peduncle–>Decussation occurs again before it enters the cerebellum

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14
Q

How many times does the ventral spinocerebellar tract decussate & why?

A

2; So that each side of the cerebellum gets info from both sides of the body

*Also explains why LE movement is more automatic than UE movement

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15
Q

What is the division of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

A

Below T1 & above T1

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16
Q

What route does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract take below T1?

A

1st: Enters at dorsal column to upper lumber/lower thoracic region & synapses in dorsal gray matter (Clarke’s Nucleus)

2nd: Clarke’s Nucleus to inferior cerebellar peduncle to the cerebellar cortex or brainstem to spinal cord
* Actually forms the tract
* Doesn’t decussate

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17
Q

Does the dorsal spinocereballar tract decussate & why?

A

No; Bc if an axon doesn’t decussate, it becomes motor output

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18
Q

What is the name of the section of the dorsal spinocereballar tract above T1?

A

Cuneocerebellar Pathway

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19
Q

What route does the cuneuocerebellar pathway of the dorsal spinocereballar tract take?

A

1st: Begins w/primary afferents from UE’s & upper 1/2 of the body.

2nd: Synapses in the lateral cuneate.
* Travels to the ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle & ends in the cerebellar cortex

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20
Q

Where do 1st order neurons below T1 in the dorsal spinocereballar tract synapse?

A

Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke

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21
Q

Where do 1st order neurons above T1 in the dorsal spinocereballar tract synapse?

A

Lateral Cuneate

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22
Q

Where in the spinal cord do sensory tracts tend to be?

A

On the periphery

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23
Q

Where in the spinal cord do motor tracts tend to be situated?

A

Internally

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24
Q

What are the three major afferent pathways?

A
  1. Spinothalamic
  2. Medial Lemniscal/Posterior Column
  3. Spinocerebellar
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25
What typically makes up 1st order neurons?
Receptors/Dendites Cell Bodies in dorsal root ganglion Axons in dorsal gray horn
26
What typically makes up 2nd order neurons?
Cell bodies in the spinal cord or brainstem
27
What typically makes up 3rd order neurons?
Cell bodies in the thalamus or ascending tracts
28
Stimuli for the spinocerebellar tract
Tactile, Pressure, Proprioception
29
Where is the medial lemniscal tract located?
Posterior Column
30
What happens to the gracilis in the nucleus gracilis as it ascends through the spinal cord & why?
It gets thicker bc more body parts are added to it from distal to proximal
31
What would happen if a pt experiences a medial lemniscal tract injury?
* Diminished sensation, vibration, & jt sense on the ipsilateral side of the lesion * Ataxia
32
Would a pt w/a medial lemniscal tract injury lose all of their sensation & why?
No: Pt would not lose all of their sensation bc sensations are dupliated in other tracts
33
What would happen to a pt w/spinothalamic tract injury?
Contralateral analgesia
34
Where does the ventral spinocerebellar tract decussate?
At the level of its entrance into the spinal cord & again at the superior cerebellar peduncle before it enters the cerebellum
35
Which ascending tracts are conscious?
1. Medial Lemniscal Tract/Dorsal Column | 2. Spinothalamic Tract
36
How are intrafusal fibers classified?
Nucleus Arrangement (Nuclear Bag Fibers & Nuclear Chain Fibers) & Sensory Ending (Primary (Annulosospiral) Endings & Secondary (Flower Spray) Endings
37
Nuclear Bag Fibers
Have clump of nuclei in the center
38
Nuclear Chain Fibers
Nuclei arrange single-file
39
Primary (Annulosospiral) Endings
Wrap around the central region of the intrafusal fiber (1a neurons)
40
Secondary (Flower-Spray) Endings
End on nuclear chain fibers adjcent to primary endings (Type 2 Afferents)
41
Explain the GTO
*
42
What is the difference between intrafusal & extrafusal fibers?
Intrafusal fibers are inside the muscle spindle & extrafusal fibers are muscle fibers outside the spindle.
43
What route will a pain sensation follow from a peripheral receptor to the spinal cord lamina?
*
44
What route will a jt sensation follow from a peripheral receptor to the spinal cord lamina?
*
45
What route will a texture sensation follow from a peripheral receptor to the spinal cord lamina?
*
46
How would a compression fx of a vertebral lamina impact the spinal cord?
*
47
Where do peripheral sensation impulses enter the spinal cord?
*
48
What does the dorsal root ganglion contain?
*
49
Where are most motor neuron cell bodies located? Where are the axons located?
*
50
How does cognition impact a muscle spindle to increase or decrease tone?
*
51
Interoceptors
W/in body tissue
52
Proprioceptors
Jt/body position
53
Exteroceptors
Encode external stimuli such as sound & light
54
Location of Chemoreceptors & Fxn
Arteries-->O2 Medulla-->Hydrogen & O2 Hypothalamus-->Blood Glucose Tastebuds & Olfactory Epithelium-->Complex Compounds
55
Thermoreceptors
Hypothalamus-->Blood Temp Cutaneous-->Skin Temp
56
Mechanoreceptors
Aorta, Carotid Sinuses, & Lungs-->Pressure Veins, Intestines, Bladder, Muscle, Tendon-->Stretch
57
Nociceptors
Viscera-->Pressure & Chemical Arterial Walls-->Pressure & Ischemia
58
Silent Nociceptors
Selective to damage or disease
59
How does 2-point discrim work?
Its based on the # & location of neurons; Receptor fields vary in size depending on the body part. If the needle is in an area of overlapping fields, pt won't be sure if its 1 or 2 needles.
60
Muscle Spindle
Detects length change in a muscle
61
GTO
Detects tension change in a muscle via tension on the tendon
62
Cutaneous Receptors
Add to kinesthesia from skin-on-skin contact
63
Jt Receptors
In jt capsules to detect positional changes
64
4 Types of Jt Receptors
GTO Pacinian Corpuscles Ruffini Endings Free Nerve Endings
65
``` Pascinian Corpuscle Category Structure Class Stimulus Adaptation ```
Category: Encapsulated Structure: Layered Capsule Class: 2/AB Stimulus: Vibration & Proprioception Adapation: Rapid
66
``` Meissner Corpuscles Category Structure Class Stimulus Adaptation ```
Category: Encapsulated Structure: Layered Capsule Class: AB Stimulus: Touch & Vibration Adapation: Rapid
67
``` Ruffini Endings Category Structure Class Stimulus Adaptation ```
Category: Encapsulated Structure: Thin Capsule Class: AB Stimulus: Pressure & Skin Stretch Adapation: Slow
68
``` Hair Follicle Endings Category Structure Class Stimulus Adaptation ```
Category: Non-Capsule Structure: Accessory Class: AB Stimulus: Touch & Pressure Adapation: Rapid
69
``` Merkel Endings Category Structure Class Stimulus Adaptation ```
Category: Non-Capsule Structure: Accessory Class: AB Stimulus: Touch & Pressure Adapation: Slow
70
``` Free Nerve Endings Category Structure Class Stimulus Adaptation ```
Category: Non-Capsule Structure: N/A Class: AG & C Afferents Stimulus: Pain, Touch, Temp, & Itch Adapation: Varies
71
Which peripheral fibers have the largest diameter?
Muscle Spindle, GTO's, & Efferents to muscle spindle
72
Which peripheral fibers have the smallest diameter?
Free Nerve Endings, Viscera, & ANS efferents

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