Week 4 - the Contents and Origins of Gender Stereotypes

Question 1

Gender stereotypes

Answer 1

Shared beliefs about the traits, qualities, and tendencies associated with different sex categories.

Question 2

Generalization

Answer 2

Tendency to assume that a new member of a category has to have the same qualities as the other category members

Question 3

Social categorication

Answer 3

Automatic categorization of people into social groups based on distinguishing features

Question 4

Components of Gender stereotypes

Answer 4

Trait dimensions, role behaviours, occupations and physical appearance

Question 5

Stereotype content model

Answer 5

Proposes that stereotypes about social groups fall along communion and agency dimensions

Question 6

Traits associated with communion

Answer 6

Includes warmth, connectedness, kindness, compassion and emotional sensitivity

Question 7

Traits associated with agency

Answer 7

Includes competence, assertiveness, competitiveness and independence

Question 8

Women are wonderful effect

Answer 8

The tendency to view stereotypes about women more favorably, especially when they conform to traditional gender roles.

Question 9

Who does the “Women-are-wonderful” effect mostly apply to?

Answer 9

White, middle class women

Question 10

What are gender subgroups?

Answer 10

Categories within gender groups rated distinctly on communal and agentic

Question 11

How do subgroups help combat gender stereotypes?

Answer 11

They can increase tendency to view men or women as unique individuals

Question 12

Transgender stereotypes

Answer 12

Overlaps between transwomen and cisgender men stereotypes and overlaps between transmen and cisgender women stereotypes

Question 13

Transgender stereotypes reflect

Answer 13

Widespread, cultural prejudice (deviant, mentally ill, disgusting
Incorrect conflation of gender identity and sexual orientation (gay, confused)

Question 14

Heterosexual stereotypes

Answer 14

Research doesn’t really examine it, heterosexual relationships considered the norm, often mirror gender norms

Question 15

What is heteronormativity?

Answer 15

Assumption that heterosexual relationships are the norm

Question 16

What explains gay and lesbian stereotypes?

Answer 16

Sexual inversion theory

Question 17

Sexual inversion theory

Answer 17

Posed that homosexuality was a result of individuals having a psychological identity of the opposite sex, not a difference in sexual attraction

Question 18

Gay men subgroups

Answer 18

Flamboyant, drag queen, masculine, feminine and normal

Question 19

Lesbian woman stereotypes

Answer 19

Butch, feminine, free-spirited, tomboy, feminist, promiscuous

Question 20

Bisexual stereotypes

Answer 20

More negative compared to straight, gay or lesbians,

Question 21

Binegativity

Answer 21

Prejudicial attitudes towards bisexuals, with greater bias against bisexual men

Question 22

What are the 3 dimensions of Binegativity

Answer 22

Unstable identity, sexual irresponsibility, hostility

Question 23

Who shows bias against bisexual people?

Answer 23

Heterosexuals, gay men and lesbian women

Question 24

What does intersectionality suggest about stereotypes?

Answer 24

Individuals with multiple social identities face unique stereotypes

Question 25

Who often serves as prototypes of social groups?

Answer 25

The most powerful members of social groups serve as prototypes (men)

Question 26

What is a prototype in social psychology?

Answer 26

The most typical cognitive representation of a category

Question 27

What does the Lens-Based Account say about stereotypes?

Answer 27

Perceivers use identity-specific lenses, influenced by personal and social context

Question 28

What does evolutionary psychology say about gender stereotypes?

Answer 28

Gender stereotypes reflect inherited trait differences shaped by natural selection

Question 29

Parental investment theory

Answer 29

Women invest more time and energy in offspring than men do

Question 30

Intersexual selection

Answer 30

Attraction to mates with desirable traits

Question 31

Intrasexual selection

Answer 31

Competition among males for access to mates

Question 32

Social role theory

Answer 32

Gender stereotypes mirror large-scale sex differences in societal roles

Question 33

What shapes stereotype perceptions more: occupation or gender?

Answer 33

Occupation, when known

Question 34

Biosocial constructionist theory

Answer 34

Emphasizes efficiency (physical capabilities) in labour division and socialization into gender roles

Question 35

Gender prescriptions

Answer 35

Traits people believe that men and women should exhibit

Question 36

Gender proscriptions

Answer 36

Traits people believe that men and women should NOT exhibit

Question 37

What happens when someone violate gender prescriptions?

Answer 37

They may be punished socially

Question 38

Status incongruity hypotheses

Answer 38

People dislike gender role-violating individuals because they dominant (women) or low status (men)

Question 39

How are LGBT and gender non-conforming youth perceived?

Answer 39

Gender role violators, facing marginalization

Question 40

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 40

Anxiety about confirming a negative group stereotype

Question 41

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in stereotyping?

Answer 41

A stereotype causes behaviours that make the stereotype come true

Question 42

An example of stereotype threat in education

Answer 42

Girls underperforming in math

Question 43

What percent of STEM workers were women in 2023 (Canada)

Answer 43

Less than 25%

Question 44

What percent of the Canadian workforce were women in 2023?

Answer 44

About 59%

Question 45

What fields do men avoid due to gender bias?

Answer 45

HEED fields

Question 46

What are HEED fields?

Answer 46

Healthcare, early education and domestic

Question 47

What are challenges in studying stereotype accuracy?

Answer 47

Determining what counts as the "real" standard to compare against and the type of accuracy

Question 48

What are the types of stereotype accuracy?

Answer 48

Direction and discrepancy

Question 49

What is direction accuracy?

Answer 49

Is it generally true, in the correct direction

Question 50

What is discrepancy accuracy?

Answer 50

How close is it to reality, whether the stereotype exaggerates or underestimates the real difference

Question 51

Are gender stereotypes universal?

Answer 51

No, they vary by cultural values and individualism/collectivism

Question 52

What remains universal about gender stereotypes?

Answer 52

Attributing valued traits to he dominant sex group

Question 53

What role do stereotypes play in social hierarchy?

Answer 53

They maintain the power of high-status groups

Question 54

How are gender stereotypes linked to social power?

Answer 54

They justify unequal gender hierarchies

Question 55

How do children learn gender roles?

Answer 55

By observing division of labour and societal cues

Question 56

What are the four components of Gender stereotypes proposed by Deaux and Lewis?

Answer 56

Trait dimensions, role behaviours, occupations and physical appearance

Question 57

What is the think-manager-think-male effect?

Answer 57

There types about managers align more with men than women

Question 58

How has the think-manager-think-male effect changed over time?

Answer 58

Perceptions of women's leadership traits have improved among women but not significantly among men

Question 59

What is intersectionality?

Answer 59

The study of how multiple social identities and forms of oppression interact

Question 60

What did Ghavami and Peplau (2012) find about intersection stereotypes?

Answer 60

They found that people in multiple subordinate groups are assigned unique stereotypes not found in their component groups

Question 61

What are generic beliefs?

Answer 61

Beliefs about a category as a whole, without reference to numbers

Question 62

What are statistical beliefs?

Answer 62

Beliefs that involve numbers or proportions about a category

Question 63

Are stereotypes always harmful?

Answer 63

Not necessarily, depends on content and how they affect behavior and expectations

Question 64

What stereotypes domain did Halperm et al. (2011) study?

Answer 64

Cognitive ability, found stereotypes often accurate in direction but not magnitude

Question 65

What did Swim (1944) find?

Answer 65

People are often accurate in direction but sometimes exaggerate the size of sex differences

Question 66

What is the consequence of stereotype threat in education?

Answer 66

Lower performance among stereotyped groups in high-stakes testing

Question 67

What domains show stereotype accuracy?

Answer 67

Cognitive skills, personality traits and nonverbal behaviour

Question 68

What did Briton and Hall (1995) find?

Answer 68

Gender stereotypes about nonverbal behaviors were mostly accurate in direction

Question 69

What stereotype was found inaccurate by Holleran, Mehl, & Levitt (2009)

Answer 69

That women are more talkative than men

Question 70

What is a stereotype cluster?

Answer 70

Groups that are rated similarly in communion and agency dimensions

Question 71

Why might stereotypes about managers shift?

Answer 71

Changing workplace values toward communal leadership traits

Question 72

How do ads reinforce stereotypes?

Answer 72

By showing women with domestic products and men with technical ones

Question 73

What is one way to reduce stereotyping?

Answer 73

Encouraging recognition of gender subgroups

Question 74

What can change stereotypes?

Answer 74

Changes in labour roles, culture and representation