Week 8 - Cognition, Language, Communication and Emotion

Question 1

Cognitive abilities

Answer 1

Mental skills such as attention, reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and language use

Question 2

What historical belief was tied to intelligence testing?

Answer 2

Early IQ tests were used to support claims of male superiority

Question 3

What did Terman (1916) find regarding intelligence scores?

Answer 3

He found no sex differences in intelligence scores

Question 4

What stereotype did Bian et al (2017) study?

Answer 4

The belief that high-level intelligence is more associated with men

Question 5

What age do girls begin to show stereotype-affected beliefs about intelligence?

Answer 5

As early as 6 years old

Question 6

What did eugenicists promote in the late 19th and early 20th century?

Answer 6

Breeding of genetically “superior” individuals and hindered reproduction of those considered genetically “inferior”

Question 7

Who were the targets of eugenic practices?

Answer 7

Immigrants, people of colour, the poor, disable individuals and those deemed unintelligent

Question 8

What did psychologist Henry Goddard do in the early 20th century?

Answer 8

He misused IQ tests to identify mentally deficient individuals and advocated for forced sterilization

Question 9

What can cause sex differences in specialized cognitive abilities?

Answer 9

Complex nature-nurture interactions

Question 10

What are three cognitive areas that show sex differences?

Answer 10

Verbal, quantitative and visual-spatial

Question 11

Which cognitive domain shows the most consistent male advantage?

Answer 11

Visual-spatial ability, especially in mental rotation tasks

Question 12

What is spatial visualization?

Answer 12

The ability to mentally manipulate 2D or 3D objects

Question 13

What are the verbal sex differences?

Answer 13

Depends on the area (vocab, reading, writing) but moderately favour girls

Question 14

What are the quantitative sex differences?

Answer 14

Little difference in average math performance, small differences favouring boys in complex math problem-solving

Question 15

How does gender equality influence math performance differences?

Answer 15

In more gender equal countries the gap often disappears

Question 16

What are the visual-spatial sex differences?

Answer 16

Larger and more consistent differences favouring boys

Question 17

What do visual-spatial sex differences depend on?

Answer 17

Task, age, time pressure and prior experience

Question 18

What is the male variability hypothesis?

Answer 18

Males show greater variability in cognitive abilities, especially at the extremes

Question 19

What is a contradiction to the male variability hypothesis?

Answer 19

Girls are often the top scorers on the SAT verbal test

Question 20

Sex differences in racial and ethnic groups

Answer 20

Inconsistent findings among people in every racial and ethnic group

Question 21

What contextual factors affect math achievement?

Answer 21

Home environment, maternal education, teachers gender stereotypes and discrimination

Question 22

How do global comparisons oversimplify sex differences?

Answer 22

They ignore disparities in resources access and education as well as achievement gaps

Question 23

What is feedback sensitivity

Answer 23

The degree to which an individual is influenced by feedback, positive or negative

Question 24

What is achievement motivation?

Answer 24

The internal drive and desire to achieve success and overcome challenges

Question 25

What are cultural differences in learning styles?

Answer 25

Eastern cultures emphasize effort-based learning, Western emphasize interest-based

Question 26

What is effort-based learning focused on?

Answer 26

Emphasizes the amount of time and energy students dedicate to mastering a subject

Question 27

What is interest-based learning focused on?

Answer 27

The approach leverages students natural curiosities, passions and preferences to drive learning

Question 28

What are the hypotheses related to the under representation of women in STEM?

Answer 28

Discrimination, preference for communal jobs and division of labour

Question 29

What is a contradictory finding for the idea that women aren't interested in STEM?

Answer 29

Comparable hiring rates among girls valuing science-intensive courses

Question 30

What is gendered language?

Answer 30

Language that reflects or reinforces gender stereotypes and biases

Question 31

What kind of word choice is more common in women?

Answer 31

More question marks and more emotionally intensive adjectives

Question 32

What kind of word choice is more common in men?

Answer 32

Words expressing independence like first-person singular pronouns

Question 33

What is the generic masculine?

Answer 33

The tradition of using male-gendered terms to refer to people (mankind, freshmen)

Question 34

What is the Whorfian hypothesis/ linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Answer 34

The idea that language shapes how people perceive the world

Question 35

Consequences of gendered masculine language

Answer 35

Can make women feel excluded and less motivated and produces gender biased thoughts in adults and children

Question 36

What is grammatical gender?

Answer 36

A language feature where nouns are classified as masculine or feminine (sometimes neutral)

Question 37

Consequences of gendered language

Answer 37

Some experimental research shows that gendered language can increase sexist beliefs

Question 38

What is a diminutive in language?

Answer 38

A form of a word used to indicate a smaller, less powerful version (pig vs piglet)

Question 39

How does gendered language impact the perception of violence?

Answer 39

It can minimize harm and shift blame in descriptions of domestic/sexual violence

Question 40

What is gender-fair language?

Answer 40

Language designed to reduce gender discrimination and bias

Question 41

What are strategies for gender-fair language

Answer 41

- Language neutralization (using gender neutral terms) - Language feminization (incorporating feminine forms) - Self-awareness and objectivity (reflecting on biases)

Question 42

Why does gender-neutral language matter?

Answer 42

It helps breaks the unconscious gender binary

Question 43

What is the difference cultures approach?

Answer 43

The belief that boys and girls are socialized to use language styles so differently, they may as well come from different cultures

Question 44

What does the different cultures approach presume?

Answer 44

Presumes girls to develop and affective (emotional) communication style and boys to develop an instrumental communication style

Question 45

What is the issue with research on gendered communication?

Answer 45

Rooted in the sex binary, overlooking non-binary and unique attributes and experiences

Question 46

Sex differences in gossip

Answer 46

Men and women tend to gossip the same amount, but on different subjects

Question 47

What is women's communication style on social media?

Answer 47

They use more affiliative and tentative speech and self disclose more

Question 48

What is men's communication style on social media?

Answer 48

Men use more assertive speech and self-disclose less

Question 49

What is code switching?

Answer 49

Switching between language styles depending on cultural context or identity

Question 50

Why do people code-switch?

Answer 50

For survival, identity expression or to navigate cultural spaces

Question 51

What are nonverbal communication differences in smiling?

Answer 51

Women smile more and maintain mutual eye contact, men use eye contact for dominance

Question 52

What are posture and gait differences by gender?

Answer 52

Men show expansive posture, women more restrictive

Question 53

What are display rules?

Answer 53

Cultural norms that dictate how and when emotions should be expressed

Question 54

What emotional expressions are more common in women?

Answer 54

Affiliative and vulnerable emotions

Question 55

What emotional expressions are more common in men?

Answer 55

Anger and pride

Question 56

What is encoding/decoding accuracy?

Answer 56

The ability to express and interpret nonverbal emotions

Question 57

Who typically has better emotional decoding skills?

Answer 57

Women, possibly due to gendered socialization

Question 58

How does empathy differ by gender?

Answer 58

Women score higher on empathy and emotional intelligence

Question 59

What cultural factor affects emotion expression?

Answer 59

Individualistic cultures allow more expression

Question 60

What is the principle of coverture?

Answer 60

A historical practice of referring to married women only by their husband's name

Question 61

How do stereotypes affect career aspirations?

Answer 61

They discourage underrepresented groups from pursuing certain careers

Question 62

What was Lawrence Summers' controversial claim?

Answer 62

He suggested that women are underrepresented in STEM due to natural aptitude

Question 63

What is the IQ test?

Answer 63

A standardized score comparing an individuals intelligence to same-age peers

Question 64

What was phrenology?

Answer 64

A discredited method of linking skull shape to mental traits

Question 65

What is essentialism?

Answer 65

The belief that traits stem from biological qualities

Question 66

How have IQ tests changed regarding gender?

Answer 66

They are made to minimize sex differences

Question 67

What is verbal fluency?

Answer 67

The ability to generate words under category or letter constraints

Question 68

Who tends to have better verbal fluency?

Answer 68

Girls, with a small to moderate effect size

Question 69

What is the biopsychosocial model?

Answer 69

An approach integrating biological, psychological and social influences

Question 70

What is education debt?

Answer 70

A cumulative lack of investment in low-income and minority students

Question 71

What can reduce stereotype threat in math performance?

Answer 71

High working memory, confidence and stereotype affirming interventions

Question 72

How do parents impact children's math performance

Answer 72

Math-anxious parents can pass anxiety to children