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Adult Medical Surgical 1 > week 5 > Flashcards

week 5 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

what are the layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium , Myocardium , Endocardium

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2
Q

what is Stroke Volume ?

A

amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat, ml/beat

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3
Q

what is Cardiac Output?

A

amount of blood pumped by ventricle in liters per minute

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4
Q

what is Contractility ?

A

ability of the heart to contract in response to electrical impulse

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5
Q

what is After Load?

A

resistance to ejection of blood from ventricle

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6
Q

what is Preload?

A

degree of stretch of cardiac muscle fibers at end of diastole

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7
Q

what is Ejection Fraction?

A

percent of end of diastolic volume ejected with each heartbeat

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8
Q

recite the Conduction Pathway

A

1) depolarization begins at SA, 2) Intraatrial and internodal pathway to AV, 3) Delay impulse begins at AV for ventricle filling , 4) Bundle of His, 5) Left and right bundle braches , 6) Punkinje fibers

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9
Q

what is the SA node and where is it located ?

A

It is the primary pacemaker where the depolarization begins (electrical impulse) and its located at the top of the righ atrium

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10
Q

summarize the Cardiac Cycle?

A

1)Depolarization , active electrical activity and systole = contraction , 2) Repolarization, resting electrical activity and diastole = resting or filling phase

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11
Q

True Or False : mechanical activity preceds electrical activity

A

False, electrical activity preceds mechanical activity

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12
Q

what is the formula for Cardiac Output ?

A

CO (ml/min) = SV X HR

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13
Q

what is the average heart rate?

A

70 BPM

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14
Q

what is the average stroke volume ?

A

70-80 ml/beat

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15
Q

what is the average cardiac output ?

A

5000 ml/min

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16
Q

what is Stroke Volume affected by?

A

after load is affected by : systemic vascular resistance , pulmonary vascular resistance
contractility is affected by : catecholamine (increase) , SNS, medications (increase or decrease) , hypoxemia (decrease) , acidosis (decrease)

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17
Q

what does ECG do?

A

records cardiac activity , displays the hearts electrical impulse through the conduction system ,

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18
Q

what is the purpose of EKG?

A

diagnosing a variety of cardiac abnormality

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19
Q

what can an ECG indicate ?

A

electrical conduction , areas of ischemia , myocardial damage , LV hyperatrophy , electrolyte distrubances , drug toxicity

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20
Q

what are the small boxes in the ECG paper represent ?

A

0.04s

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21
Q

what does 5 small boxes represnt in ECG reading?

A

0.20s

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22
Q

what is the P Wave?

Study These Flashcards
A

atrial depolarization , normal , no more than 3 boxes , means the impulse started at SA node

23
Q

what is the QRS complex ?

Study These Flashcards
A

ventricle polarization , Q wave : negative delflection after p wave , R wave : positive delflection after p wave , S wave : negative waveform after r wave , T : ventricle repolarization

24
Q

Do P waves have intervals ?

Study These Flashcards
A

yes , they lost between ventricles and it doesn’t show on the ECG

25
what is U wave ?
its between P and T wave
26
how long does PR intervals take ?
0.12-0.20s
27
what does short intervals mean ?
shorter than 0.12-0.20 , impulse from the AV junction ,
28
what does a longer interval mean?
It means it takes longer than 20s, first degree AV block ,
29
how long does a QRS interval take?
0.6-0.10 secs
30
what does a wide QRS interval indicate ?
a slowed conduction , bundle branch block (BBB) , ventricular rythem
31
what does a ST segment depression indicate ?
reciprocal changes , digoxin , ischemia
32
what does an elevated ST segment indicate ?
myocardial injury
33
what does inversion of T wave indicate ?
myocardial ischemia
34
how do you interpret rythms of on the ECG?
by rythmicity , rate (atrial & ventricular) , waveform configuration and location, intervals
35
what is rythmicity?
pattern of heart beats
36
when is P-P interval rythem regular?
when the distance between P-P intervals is equal
37
True Or Flase : P-P intervals are atrial
True.
38
when are R-R intervals regular ?
when the distance between the R-R intervals are equal
39
what is a regular rate in ECG?
1500 in small blocks , 300 in large blocks
40
what is an irregular rate in ECG?
6-second strip
41
what is Atherosclerosis ?
Its the accumulation of lipids and fibrous tissue in the atrial walls , it narrows the vessels causing a decreased blood flow to the heart
42
what are the CM of Atherosclerosis ?
chest pain, weakness , dyspnea , nausea
43
what is Angina Pectoris ?
episodes of paroxysmal pain or pressure in the interior chest by insufficient coronary blood flow
44
what is Stable Angina ?
predictable and consistant pain , occurs on exertion , relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
45
what is Unstable Angina (crescendo angina) ?
Increase in frequency and severity , may not be relieved by rest & nitroglycerin
46
what is Variant Angina ( Prinzmetal's Angina) ?
pain when resting , with reversible ST-segment elevation , caused by coronary artery vasopasm
47
describe Angina Pain?
mild to severe , tightness - choking - heavy sensation , may radiate to : neck , jaw , shoulder , back or arms (usually left) , anxiety accompanies pain
48
what are other symptoms of Angina ?
Dyspnea , SOB , dizzines , nausea ,vomiting, typically subsides with rest of NTG ,
49
what is the treatment of Angina
it seeks to decreas myocardial oxygen demand and increase oxygen supply ( medications , oxygen, reduce & control risk factors , reperfusion therapy)
50
what are the medications given for Angina?
NTG, Beta-adrenergic blocking agent , calcium channel blocking agent (amlodipine) , Aspirin , Clopidogrel and ticlopidine, Heparin , Glycoprotein , antiplatelet
51
what is Myocardial Infraction?
an area of the myocardium is permanently destroyed
52
what causes Myocardial Infraction ?
by reduced blood flow in a coronary artery ,
53
what are the goals of MI treatment ?
minimize myocardial damage , preserve myocardial fucntion , prevent complicatipns
54
what are the medications given for MI ?
aspirin , NTG, morphine , beta-blockers , Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibtors within 24hrs , bedrest , heparin

Adult Medical Surgical 1 (3 decks)

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