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NURS 3550 - Research > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what does qualitative research focus on (2)

A
  • seeks to develop an understanding of phenomena (i.e. human experience)
  • focused on meaning (i.e. how do people make sense of their lives & experiences)
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2
Q

what paradigm is used in qualitative research? what does this paradigm believe

A
  • constructivist –> believes that there are multiple realities, co-create reality
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3
Q

what do qualitative research questions focus on

A
  • how?

- why?

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4
Q

what data is used in qualitative research (2)

A
  • words

- images

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5
Q

describe the research designs used in qualitative research

A
  • flexible –> depends on participants & community interviewing, more grounded in real world
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6
Q

describe the philosophical perspective in quant vs qual research

A
  • quant: one reality that can be objectively viewed by the researcher
  • qual: multiple realities that are subjective, occurring within the context of the situation
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7
Q

describe the type of reasoning used in quant vs qual research

A
  • quant: primarily deductive –> based on theory/framework to deduce how people will response
  • qual: primarily inductive –> get different experiences which create a theory/framework
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8
Q

describe the role of the researcher in quant vs qual researcher

A
  • quant: controlled & structured

- qual: participative and ongoing

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9
Q

describe the strategies used in qualitative research (3)

A
  • naturalistic, allows situations to unfold without interference
  • analysis of words to identify themes
  • smaller numbers of participants
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10
Q

describe the strategies used to quantitative research (3)

A
  • control & manipulation of situations (IV, DV)
  • analysis of numbers w statistical tests
  • larger number of subjects
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11
Q

how does qualitative research (QLR) contribute towards clinical decision-making (2)

A
  • helps us understand clinical phenomenon arising from experiences and values of pts
  • there is value in merging QT and QLR evidence to optimize clinical outcomes
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12
Q

describe the relevancy of QL knowledge to clinical practice (3)

A
  • can provide theoretical basis for interventions (pts preferences, values, beliefs)
  • can promote awareness of other vantage points of experiences –> change clinicans & policy makers perspectives, feelings, and behavior toward clients
  • promote advocacy
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13
Q

when to use a QL approach depends on: (4)

A
  • the nature & type of the research question
  • the epistemological stance of the researcher
  • the skills & training of the researcher
  • the resources available for the researcher project (QL “expensive” in time
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14
Q

list some characteristics of QLR (9)

A
  • emergent designs
  • natural setting
  • researcher as key instrument
  • mutliple sources of data & reality
  • inductive data analysis
  • participants’ meanings
  • reflexivity (reflect on own experience & how it could influence the data ur interpreting, how asking questions, etc.)
  • holistic accounts (want to understand as a whole)
  • non-experimental exploration of phenomena as it exists in the real world –> no IV or DV and no manipulation
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15
Q

what are the differences across qualitative designs (4)

A
  • lenses used to view experiences
  • experiences studied for different
  • use of different jargon & writing
  • differences also exists within QL research designs
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16
Q

which QL research design to use depends on (4)

A
  • research Q
  • nature of phenomenom
  • theoritical approach using
  • which discipline
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17
Q

what is imp to note w QLR designs

A
  • the designs evolve/change as our world evolves & over time,
  • they are not static
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18
Q

what are 3 examples of qualitative research designs

A
  • phenomenology
  • grounded theory
  • ethnography
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19
Q

what does phenomneology focus on (3)

A
  • focuses on understanding the lived experiences of humans
  • understanding their meaning in their everyday lives
  • focus on a specific phenomenom
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20
Q

phenomenology includes what assumption?

A
  • there is an essence (meaning structure) to everything
21
Q

what has to occur w phenomenology designs?

A
  • has to happen in the world in which people live

ex. their homes, communities, care facilities where phenomenom occurs

22
Q

how is data collected w a phenomenology design

A
  • in-depth interviews

- usually a small sample

23
Q

describe analysis in phenomenology

A
  • range from looking for key themes or straightforward descriptions
  • to a higher lvl of interpretations
24
Q

what is the goal of phenomenology

A
  • seek understanding and interpretation of human experiences NOT explain it
  • no theory generation
25
Q

what does ethnography focus on (2)

A
  • focuses on studying, describing, & interpreting the culture or cultural behavior of a group of people (not just ethnocultural, any group of people w a shared behavior, values, or beliefs)
  • tries to understand group meanings, patterns, and experiences
26
Q

who is the instrument in ethnography

A
  • researcher as an instrument –> often immerse themselves in the culture
27
Q

what is an emic perspective r/t ehtnography (3)

A
  • insider’s view attained thru immersing themselves in culture
  • backstage view
  • what the ethnographer strives to achieve
28
Q

what is an etic perspective r/t ethnography (2)

A
  • outsider’s interpretation

- audience view

29
Q

what are 3 broad types of info collected in ehtnography

A
  • cultural behavior
  • cultural artifacts (art, homes, social structures, tools)
  • cultural speech
30
Q

how is data collected in ehtnography (4)

A
  • observations
  • in-depth interviews
  • records
  • physical (ex. artifacts)
31
Q

describe particpant observation r/t ethnography

A
  • involves making observations of a community while participating in activities –> not just watching
  • the researcher often does this
32
Q

describe key informants r/t ethnography

A
  • key informants are participants who are v knowledge about the culture
33
Q

what does grounded theory focus on (3)

A
  • aims to develop theories about social processes that are grounded in real-world observations, interviews
  • focuses on “how”
  • systematic method of QLR
34
Q

describe data collection, analysis, and sampling in grounded theory

A
  • occurs simultaneously
35
Q

what is used to collect data in grounded theory

A
  • in-depth interviews

- usually larger sample size due to theoretical sampling

36
Q

describe data analysis in grounded theory

A
  • uses constant comparison, where categories elicited from the data are constantly compared w data obtained earlier in the research for commonalities and variations
37
Q

in grounded theory, data is collected until?

A
  • until theoretical saturation is achieved (not seeing any new data) and the theory is fullt described by the data
38
Q

the final grounded theory describes…

A
  • processes by which people move thru experienced or time (stages or phases)
39
Q

what are some other examples of QL methodologies (5)

A
  • narrative analysis
  • participatory action research
  • case study
  • historical research
  • interpretive description
40
Q

who pioneered interpretive description

A
  • canadian nursing leader, Dr. Sally Thorne
41
Q

what is interpretive description (4)

A
  • acknowledges the constructed and contextual nature of much of the health-illness experience, yet also allows for shared realities
  • developed as nursing became less reliant on methodology derived from other fields
  • nursing driven methodology that focuses on understanding what’s happening in healthcare (does not focus on theory, processes, diving deep into lived experiences, cultural beliefs/values, etc.)
  • describing a phenomena in healthcare at a superficial lvl
42
Q

describe sampling r/t interpretive description

A
  • typically uses theoretical sampling to gain variation in perspectives based on the themes emerging from the analysis
43
Q

describe how data is collected in interpretive description (4)

A
  • not only interviews & observations
  • also media
  • case reports
  • clinical reports
44
Q

describe data analysis in interpretic description (3)

A
  • uses inductive analysis
  • recommends immersion in the data before coding & identifying linkages between themes
  • the individual experiences must still be apparent in the final analysis
45
Q

what is the end result of interpretive description

A
  • clinical knowledge that can be applied to a practice science, such as nursig
46
Q

what is a mixed method (3)

A
  • combines or associates both QL and QT forms
  • more than simply collecting 2 types of data, must be an intentional combining
  • merges the data, and results are interpreted from both data sets
47
Q

a researcher asks the question, “what is the essence of men’s experiences of chemo for prostate cancer?”. this is an example of which QLR design?

A
  • phenomenology
48
Q

the title “the beliefs and behaviors of newly immigrated African-Canadian women regarding breast self-examination” employs which QLR method?

A
  • ethnography
49
Q

what is the aim of a grounded theory study?

A
  • to develop theories that are grounded in real-world observations

NURS 3550 - Research (12 decks)

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