Week 5

Question 1

Citation forms

Answer 1

Transcription words in isolation, opposite of connected speech.

Question 2

Connected speech

Answer 2

Words are combined with other words to form connected speech, which affects how words are pronounced.
• FiS n ‘tSips
• She’s = Siz

Question 3

Weak forms

Answer 3

To pronounce words like would, have, to, then, at, the faster and shortened.

Question 4

Contracted forms

Answer 4

Weak forms combined with other weak forms.
• She will = Sil
• They had = Òeid
• It is not = it iznt / its ndt

Question 5

Connected speech phenomena

Answer 5

1. Weak and contracted forms
2. Stress shift
3. Resyllabification
4. Assimilation
5. Elision
6. Insertion

Question 6

Stress shift

Answer 6

In connected speech, stress may shift to create better rhythm.

Question 7

Resyllabification

Answer 7

Connected speech may result in changes in the syllabification of sounds; a word-final coda consonant may become the onset of the next syllable.
• /nain.e.klak/ = /nai.ne.klak/

Question 8

Assimilation

Answer 8

Assimilation makes sounds more similar to other sounds. There are different kinds, like place and voicing assimilation.

Question 9

Place assimilation

Answer 9

White paper: /waip peipe/
White keys: /waik kiz/
One boys: /w^m bci/
Unpopular: /^mpapjule/

Question 10

Which sounds are often targets for assimilation? And which resist it?

Answer 10

Alveolars are often targets while labials and velars typically resist assimilation.

Question 11

Voicing assimilation

Answer 11

1. Regressive voicing assimilation
2. No regressive voicing assimilation

Question 12

Elision

Answer 12

Sounds that are present in a citation form are sometimes absent (elided) in connected speech. Elision may effect unstressed vowels and especially a schwa that is followed by /l/ or /r/.
• similar /simile/ = /simle/
• and /ænd/ = /en/
• next day, last week, just so
• camera /kæmere/ = /kæmre/
• police /pe’lis/ = /plis/
• ol’ person

Question 13

Which sounds are often elided and when? And which sounds are unaffected?

Answer 13

The alveolar stops /t d/ are typically elided when surrounded by other consonants.
• Post box /peust baks/ = /peus baks/

Leaves labials and velars unaffected.

Question 14

When is /h/ elided?

Answer 14

1. In connected speech.
2. After the beginning of a sentence, if it is the start of the sentence, it is likely not elided.
3. /h/ can only be elided when it occurs in an unstressed syllable, but when a syllable is stressed, /h/ remains.
4. Elided /h/ often occurs in function words.

Although the following word must begin with a consonant for elision to occur, the consonant cannot be /h/.
• the next holiday
• the next day

Question 15

Iambic reversal

Answer 15

Stress shift

,prin’cess becomes ‘Princess ‘Anne