Week 5 Flashcards
(15 cards)
What does confirmation bias mean?
Tendency to seek and interpret evidence in favour of our hypothesis
Manifests as:
* Search for positive evidence (rather than falsification)
* Overweighting (in attention/decision-making) of positive evidence
What does the hindsight bias mean?
The tendency to exaggerate the extent to which a past event could have been predicted beforehand.
What does the projection bias mean?
We project our current preferences onto points in the future when they should be irrelevant. Or for doctors to undermedicate pain of patients, because they don’t feel it themselves.
What is the decoy effect?
The decoy effect occurs when the addition of an inferior candidate to a choice set changes the preference relations among the existing,superior alternatives.
What are two problems with extra diagnostic tests?
- Unnecessary costs
- Unnecessary risks
What are two reasons why physicians accept gifts from pharmaceutical industry?
- Entitlement: Ze verdienen het of hebben er recht op
- Perceived invulnerability: Ze weten dat het er is, maar denken dat ze er zelf niet gevoelig voor zijn
What are two reasons why disclosing conflict of interest can backfire?
Providers: Moral licensing (I disclosed my conflicted interests, soI no longer have to feel
guilty about advising in line with my own rather than patient benefits’)
Patients: Insinuation anxiety (If I don’t take my specialists’ advice they might think I don’t trust them…’)
Which two information asymmetries can patients face?
- Patients cannot judge if the health care provider inferred the correct diagnosis from
the symptoms they articulated - Patients will in most cases are unable to judge if the physicians treatment recommendation is optimal for their condition, even after they have been treated
What are credence goods?
Experts have informational advantage on the quality of the service
Customers do not observe the quality of the service
Customers are at risk of being overcharged and overserviced
Examples:
- Repairs
- Taxi rides in foreign places
- Investments
- Health care
By which three main inefficiencies credence goods markets are characterized?
Underprovision: The consumer needs sophisticated and complex intervention but receives a simple intervention. Consumer forgoes the benefits of the complex intervention
Overprovision: The consumer requires a simple intervention but receives a complex one
The additional benefits to the consumer from the sophisticated intervention are less than
the additional costs
Overcharging: The consumer receives a simple intervention but is charged for a complex
one. In addition, the diagnostic effort is unobservable. An insufficient diagnostic effort,
due to lack of knowledge or incentives can lead to recommendations that do not solve the
consumer’s problem
What is ‘why people do not vaccinate: the four C
model’?
- Complacency (zelfgenoegzaamheid)
- Convenience (gemak)
- Confidence
- Calculation
What is the relative importance to people when
deciding whether to vaccinate or not?
- If friends vaccinate child, respondents more likely
- Next, knowing risk of side effects and severity illness
- Messages on (social) media
- Option to choose Hep B or not
- Advice youth health center, GP, RIVM (-)
What is defensive medicine?
Defensive medicine is commonly defined as the ordering of treatments, tests and procedures primarily to help protect the physician from liability (betrouwbaarheid) rather than to substantially further the patient’s diagnosis or treatment.
Which different payment methods for physicians exist?
- Fee for service (FFS): Incentivizes overprovision
- Capitation (CAP) payments: Lump-sum incentivizes underprovision
- Mixed payment methods and pay for performance (P4P) aim to better align incentives of patients and providers.
What is altruism?
Caring about the welfare of other people and acting to help them, above oneself.
