Week 5

Question 1

Voltaire
I N T E R V I E W
P R E P A R A T I O N

Answer 1

“Judge others by their
questions rather than by their
answers”

Question 2

Types of
Interviews

Answer 2

Structured
Unstructured
Semi-structured

Question 3

Structured Interviews

Answer 3

• Follow a predetermined and standardized list
  of questions. The questions are asked in
  almost the same way and in the same order.
• Question focused

Question 4

Unstructured Interviews

Answer 4

• The conversation in these interviews is
  directed by the participant rather than by set
  questions.
• Content focused

Question 5

Semi-structured Interviews

Answer 5

• This has some degree of predetermined order
  but still ensures flexibility in the way issues
  are addressed by the participant.
• Informant focused

Question 6

Strengths of Interviewing

Answer 6

• To fill a gap in knowledge that other methods, such as observation, are unable to bridge efficaciously
• To investigate complex behaviours and motivations
• To collect a diversity of meaning, opinion, and experiences. Interviews provide insights into the differing opinions or debates within a group, but they can also reveal consensus on some issues.
• When a method is required that shows respect for and empowers those people who provide the data.

Question 7

I N T E R V I E W G U I D E S

Answer 7

• A list of general issues you want to cover
• Usually associated with semi-structured
  forms of interviewing.
• May be a simple list of key words or
  concepts intended to remind you of
  discussion topics
• Advantages in its flexibility
• Disadvantage is that you must formulate
  coherent questions on the spot.
• Requires good communication skills and a
  great deal of confidence
• Some suggest that it isn’t ideal for first
  time interviewers
• Oral history

Question 8

I N T E R V I E W S C H E D U L E S

Answer 8

• A list of carefully worded questions
• Usually associated with structured, and sometimes, semi-structured
  interviewing.
• In some research it may be necessary to ask each question in the
  same way and in the same order to each participant.
• In others, you might ask questions at whatever stage of the interview seems appropriate.

Question 9

• The benefits of interview schedules __________ the disadvantages of
  interview guides and are; __________________

Answer 9

mirrors

• Greater confidence to the researcher
• Better comparisons between participants answers.
• Questions that are prepared before the interview and then read out
  formally may sound insincere, stilted, and out of place.

Question 10

F O R M U L A T I N G G O O D
I N T E R V I E W Q U E S T I O N S

Answer 10

• Use easily understood language that is
  appropriate to your participant
• Use non-offensive language
• Use words with commonly and
  uniformly accepted meanings.
• Avoid ambiguity
• Phase each question carefully
• Avoid leading questions as far as
  possible (ex questions that encourage
  a particular response).

Question 11

T Y P E S O F Q U E S T I O N S

Answer 11

Primary Questions
Secondary Questions

Question 12

Opening questions used to initiate discussion on a new theme or topic

Answer 12

Primary Questions

Question 13

Prompts that encourage the
informant to follow up or
expand on an issue already
discussed

Answer 13

Secondary Questions

Question 14

Different types OF primary and secondary questions

Answer 14

1. Descriptive - describing something with a question (what do you look like, how many siblings do you have
2. Storytelling - crafting a story of something through question (how did that happen?)
3. Opinion- asking an opinionated question
4. Structural - limited, pre-defined set of response options for respondents to choose from
5. Contrast - compare and contrasting terms or ideas
6. Devil’s advocate - asking a contrary or oppose a question / idea in order to further a question, ie . are you sure that would work in this sector?

Question 15

Types of O R D E R O F Q U E S T I O N S

Answer 15

F U N N E L I N G

P Y R A M I D

Question 16

F U N N E L I N G QUESTIONS

Answer 16

• Involves an initial focus ongeneral issues, followed by a gradual movement towards more personal matters and issues specific to the participant.
• The strategy allows for conversational development
  towards more sensitive issues

Question 17

P Y R A M I D QUESTIONS

Answer 17

• More abstract and general
  questions are asked at the end
• The interview starts with easy-to-
  answer questions about a
  participant or their involvement in
  an issue

Question 18

T Y P E S O F P R O M P T S

Answer 18

• Formal secondary question
• Clarification
• Nudging
• Summary
• Receptive Cues

Question 19

Formal secondary question prompt

Answer 19

Extends the scope or depth of
treatment on an issue. Can also help explain/rephrase a misunderstood primary question

ie; Primary Q: What social benefits do you derive from
living in an area of ethnic concentration

Secondary Q: What about informal child- care?

Question 20

Clarification Prompt

Answer 20

Used when an answer is vague or incomplete

ie; What do you mean by that?

Question 21

Nudging Prompt

Answer 21

Used to continue a line of conversation

ie; And how did that make you feel?

Question 22

Summary Prompt

Answer 22

Outline in-progress findings for
clarification

ie; so you want to do this in this way, and then finish with that

Question 23

Receptive Cues Prompts

Answer 23

Encourages a participant to continue speaking

AUDIBLE & NON-AUDIBLE

ie
Audible: Yes, I see.
Non-audible: nodding and
smiling

Question 24

STRUCTURED, SEMI-
STRUCTURED OR
UNSTRUCTURED.
INTERVIEW GUIDE OR
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE.
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
AND PROMPTS
FUNNEL, PYRAMID OR A
HYBRID ORGANIZATION
OF THE QUESTIONS.

Are all approaches and components of

Answer 24

I N T E R V I E W
D E S I G N
C H O I C E

Question 25

a close and harmonious relationship in which the people or groups concerned are "in sync" with each other, understand each other's feelings or ideas, and communicate smoothly.

Answer 25

Rapport

Question 26

Building a Rapport

Answer 26

Be respectful Warm-up exercises Familiarity with cultural context Listening strategies Language Support the participant

Question 27

T E C H N I Q U E S F O R C L O S I N G I N T E R V I E W S : N O N - V E R B A L C U E S

Answer 27

1. Looking at your watch 2. Putting the cap on your pen 3. Stopping the recorder 4. Straightening your chair 5. Closing your notebook 6. Standing up / Thanking you

Question 28

T E C H N I Q U E S F O R C L O S I N G I N T E R V I E W : V E R B A L C U E S

Answer 28

1. Direct announcement : “Well I have no more questions” 2. Clearing house questions “Is there anything else you would like to add?” 3. Summarizing the interview: “So, would you agree that the main issues according to you are...? 4. Making personal inquiries and comments “Can you believe the weather”