Week 5

Question 1

Define the thorax and thoracic cavity

Answer 1

Question 2

What are the muscles of inspiration?

Answer 2

Question 3

Explain diaphragm anatomy. What innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 3

Question 4

What are the accessory respiration muscles?

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the muscles of forced expiration?

Answer 5

Question 6

What are the resting ventilation mechanics?

Answer 6

Question 7

What are the inspiration ventilation mechanics?

Answer 7

Question 8

What are the expiration ventilation mechanics?

Answer 8

Question 9

Define Boyle’s law and explain the action of inspiration and exhalation.

Answer 9

Question 10

Does breathing require constant/intermittent stimulation? Voluntary/involuntary? What parts of the brainstem control ventilatory rate and TV for normal gas exchange?

Answer 10

Question 11

Explain how the medulla controls ventilation

Answer 11

Question 12

Explain how the ventral respiratory group controls ventilation

Answer 12

Question 13

Explain how the pneumotaxic center controls ventilation

Answer 13

Question 14

Explain how the apneustic center controls ventilation

Answer 14

Question 15

How does the sensation of pain and alterations in emotion affect ventilation?

Answer 15

Question 16

How can chemoreceptors affect ventilation?

Answer 16

Question 17

How can peripheral chemoreceptors within the carotid artery and aortic arch affect ventilation?

Answer 17

Question 18

What are the layers of the pleural cavity?

Answer 18

Question 19

Explain the anatomy of lungs

Answer 19

Question 20

Label

Answer 20

Question 21

Which lung has lingual segment?

Answer 21

Question 22

When do the inferior borders of the lungs and pleura cross the ribs?

Answer 22

Question 23

Explain the conduction zones

Answer 23

Question 24

Which bronchi is wider?

Answer 24

Question 25

Explain the respiratory zones

Answer 25

Question 26

Explain the structure and function of alveoli

Answer 26

Question 27

Label

Answer 27

Question 28

Define TV, IRV, ERV, FRC, RLV, FVC, TLC

Answer 28

Question 29

Explain

Answer 29

Question 30

What does it mean when Va > Q and when Va < Q

Answer 30

Question 31

How does positioning play a role in lung perfusion? VQ mismatch?

Answer 31

Question 32

Explain

Answer 32

Question 33

Explain the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 33

Question 34

Explain the Bohr effect

Answer 34

Increased CO₂ or decreased pH = decreased hemoglobin affinity for O₂ → more oxygen is released to tissues. Mechanism: 1. Tissue Level (high CO₂, low pH): * Metabolically active tissues produce more CO₂. * CO₂ reacts with water → carbonic acid → H⁺ (lowers pH). * The increased H⁺ binds to hemoglobin, causing a conformational change. * Hemoglobin releases more oxygen to meet tissue demand. 2. Lung Level (low CO₂, high pH): * In the lungs, CO₂ is exhaled, reducing local CO₂ levels. * Higher pH = higher hemoglobin affinity for oxygen. * Hemoglobin loads up on O₂. Clinical/Graphical Point: * On the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, the Bohr effect causes a rightward shift when CO₂ increases or pH drops. * Right shift = Reduced affinity = More O₂ delivered to tissues Summary: 1. Exercise/Tissue: In active tissues where CO₂ is high and pH is low, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to meet metabolic demand. 2. Lungs/Rest: In the lungs where CO₂ is low and pH is higher, hemoglobin holds onto oxygen more tightly to become fully saturated for delivery to the body.

Question 35

How does the blood carry CO2?

Answer 35

Question 36

Answer 36

Question 37

Answer 37

Question 38

What occurs in the 2 different zones of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 38

Question 39

Answer 39

Question 40

Answer 40

Question 41

Answer 41

Question 42

Answer 42