week 5 Flashcards

(48 cards)

1
Q

What is the APA definition of thinking?

A

Cognitive behavior involving manipulating ideas, images, mental representations, or “elements of thought” in an information processing model.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What supports abstract thinking?

A

Concrete motor, sensory, emotional, and social experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Reasoning Ability (RA)?

A

The ability to think logically; it increases with age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What predicts an increase in reasoning ability?

A

Structural connectivity (white matter) between frontal and parietal brain areas (Wendelken et al., 2017).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two main types of long-term memory?

A

Explicit (declarative, conscious) and Implicit (non-declarative, subconscious).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are subtypes of explicit memory?

A

Episodic (specific instances) and Semantic (general facts).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

implicit memory of motor skills or “how to do things.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are episodic and semantic memory related?

A

Episodic memory helps form semantic memory. Semantic memory is grounded in experience and culture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sematic memories stored

episodic memories stored

A

memory is associative
and is rich in contexual details

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is memory not like a static library?

A

It’s constructive—based on environmental input and subject to change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the consequence of constructive memory?

A

Vulnerability to errors and illusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a semantic network?

A

Concepts (nodes) connected by relationships; activated nodes spread activation to others (Collins & Loftus, 1975).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the DRM paradigm show?

A

participants presented with a list of words all related to a missing target word

asked to recall as many as possible

People can falsely remember a missing word related to a list, due to spreading activation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does “knowledge is like Velcro” mean?

A

Existing knowledge helps anchor and learn new knowledge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can teaching use this?

A

By connecting new info to prior knowledge or surprising content.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

located in the medial temporal lobe

Memory formation and integrating sensory information into memory traces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is embodied cognition?

A

Conceptual knowledge is rooted in sensory and motor experiences.

suggests that our thoughts are not simply controlled by our brains. Instead, our bodies shape our thinking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Default mode network areas are important for what type of memories

A

episodic memories

especially the subjective feeling of remembering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The Default Mode Network comprises a series of regions

A

medial prefrontal cortex, medial and lateral parietal cortex, and temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

memory process 3 steps

A

encoding
consolidation
- standard model of consol
- multiple trace theory
remembering

21
Q

STC What happens in Phase 1?

A

Hippocampus rapidly fuses information from different cortical areas into a memory trace.

22
Q

STC What happens in Phase 2?

A

Repeated reactivation strengthens cortico-cortical connections.

23
Q

STC What happens in Phase 3?

A

Memory becomes independent of the hippocampus and integrated into cortex.

24
Q

STC What role does the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) play?

A

Takes over hippocampus’ role in integrating and regulating memory recall.

25
What does multiple trace theory propose?
Episodic memories stay dependent on the hippocampus, while semantic ones move to cortex.
26
STC theory suggest
that all memories are slowly moved to the cortex
27
Which brain regions are central to memory development?
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) and Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) Functional connectivity between PFC and MTL improves with development.
28
What develops with age?
Capacity (e.g. associations - likely related to the dev of MTL), knowledge (e.g. chunking), and strategy (e.g. metacognition)
29
What do Ofen et al. (2007) find in memory development?
Memory detail (Remember) improves with age, PFC activity increases, not hippocampus.
30
What does DeMaster et al. (2016) show?
Hippocampus activation increases with age for context-flexible memory tasks.
31
What is metacognition?
Monitoring and controlling cognitive activities like memory.
32
What did Selmeczy, Kazemi & Ghetti (2021, 2023) find?
Children rely more on subjective judgment than objective accuracy; performance and control improve with age.
33
What was the main purpose of the study by Selmeczy et al.?
To investigate how age and puberty independently affect hippocampal and prefrontal cortex activation during episodic memory retrieval in children aged 8–14.
34
What kind of design did the researchers use?
Accelerated longitudinal fMRI design with up to 3 timepoints per participant over 0.75–3.7 years.
35
What memory task was used during fMRI?
An item-context association task, where participants had to recall the background context (city, park, or farm) associated with an object.
36
How did memory performance change over time?
Younger children showed greater improvement over time than older children.
37
Was puberty linked to better memory performance?
No. Pubertal changes did not significantly affect behavioral accuracy beyond age
38
What was the trajectory of hippocampal activation?
Non-linear (U-shaped): activation decreased in early childhood, then increased in early adolescence.
39
How did puberty influence hippocampal activation?
Pubertal increases (measured by PDS and testosterone) were linked to increased hippocampal activation in older children, but sometimes decreased activation in younger ones.
40
Was this effect sex-dependent?
: Yes, especially when using testosterone: the pattern was stronger in females
41
How did DLPFC activation change?
Low at first, followed by a sharp increase later in childhood/adolescence (quadratic growth).
42
Was DLPFC activation affected by puberty?
Similar to hippocampus: increased testosterone predicted greater DLPFC activation, especially in older females.
43
What two puberty measures were used?
PDS (Pubertal Development Scale - parent report) Salivary testosterone
44
: Did puberty and age show unique effects?
Yes. Both age and pubertal development contributed independently to neural changes.
45
Which part of the hippocampus showed lower activation?
The tail showed lower activation than the body or head.
46
Were changes in hippocampal subregions different over time?
No significant differences in developmental trajectory across subregions.
47
What does this study suggest about brain development during adolescence?
Memory-related brain changes depend not just on age, but also on pubertal timing, especially for brain regions like the hippocampus and DLPFC.
48
Why is pubertal timing important?
Children who entered puberty later showed a pattern of brain activation more similar to adults, suggesting delayed puberty may be beneficial for memory-related brain development.